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In [[mathematics]], '''Borwein's algorithm'''  is an [[algorithm]] devised by [[Jonathan Borwein|Jonathan]] and [[Peter Borwein]] to calculate the value of 1/[[pi|&pi;]].
 
==Jonathan Borwein and Peter Borwein's Version (1993)==
 
Start out by setting{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
: <math>\begin{align}
  A &= 63365028312971999585426220 \\
    &\quad + 28337702140800842046825600\sqrt{5} \\
    &\quad + 384\sqrt{5} (10891728551171178200467436212395209160385656017 \\
    &\qquad + 4870929086578810225077338534541688721351255040\sqrt{5})^{1/2} \\
  B &= 7849910453496627210289749000 \\
    &\quad + 3510586678260932028965606400\sqrt{5} \\
    &\quad + 2515968\sqrt{3110}(6260208323789001636993322654444020882161 \\
    &\qquad + 2799650273060444296577206890718825190235\sqrt{5})^{1/2} \\
  C &= -214772995063512240 \\
    &\quad - 96049403338648032\sqrt{5} \\
    &\quad - 1296\sqrt{5}(10985234579463550323713318473 \\
    &\qquad + 4912746253692362754607395912\sqrt{5})^{1/2}
\end{align}</math>
 
Then
 
: <math>\frac{\sqrt{-C^3}}{\pi} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} {\frac{(6n)!}{(3n)!(n!)^3} \frac{A+nB}{C^{3n}}}</math>
 
Each additional term of the series yields approximately 50 digits.
 
==Cubic convergence (1991)==
 
Start out by setting{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
:<math> \begin{align} a_0 & = \frac{1}{3} \\
                      s_0 & = \frac{\sqrt{3} - 1}{2}
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then iterate
 
:<math> \begin{align} r_{k+1} & = \frac{3}{1 + 2(1-s_k^3)^{1/3}} \\
                      s_{k+1} & = \frac{r_{k+1} - 1}{2} \\
                      a_{k+1} & = r_{k+1}^2 a_k - 3^k(r_{k+1}^2-1)
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then ''a<sub>k</sub>'' converges cubically to 1/π; that is, each iteration approximately triples the number of correct digits.
 
==Another formula for &pi; (1989)==
 
Start out by setting{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
:<math> \begin{align} A & = 212175710912 \sqrt{61} + 1657145277365 \\
                      B & = 13773980892672 \sqrt{61} + 107578229802750 \\
                      C & = (5280(236674+30303\sqrt{61}))^3
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then
 
:<math>1 / \pi = 12\sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{ (-1)^n (6n)!\, (A+nB) }{(n!)^3(3n)!\, C^{n+1/2}}\,\!</math>
 
Each additional term of the partial sum yields approximately 31 digits.
 
==Quadratic convergence (1987)==
 
Start out by setting<ref>{{cite book| title=A History of Algorithms: From the Pebble to the Microchip| authors=Jean-Luc Chabert et al | isbn=3-540-63369-3 |publisher= Springer-Verlag |year=1999 |page=166}}</ref>
 
:<math> \begin{align} x_0 & = \sqrt2 \\
                      y_1 & = \sqrt[4]2 \\
                      p_0 & = 2+\sqrt2
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then iterate
 
:<math> \begin{align} x_k & = \frac{1}{2}(x_{k-1}^{1/2} + x_{k-1}^{-1/2}) \\
                      y_k & = \frac{y_{k-1}x_{k-1}^{1/2} + x_{k-1}^{-1/2}} {y_{k-1}+1} \\
                      p_k & = p_{k-1}\frac{x_k+1}{y_k+1}
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then p<sub>k</sub> converges monotonically to π; with ''p<sub>k</sub>'' - π ≈ 10<sup>&minus;2<sup>''k+1''</sup></sup> for ''k'' ≥ 2.s
 
==Borwein's algorithm (1985)==
 
Start out by setting<ref>{{cite book | title=The Java Programmers Guide to Numerical Computation |last=Mak |first=Ronald |publisher=Pearson Educational |year=2003 |isbn=0-13-046041-9 |page=353}}</ref>
 
:<math> \begin{align} a_0 & = 6 - 4\sqrt{2} \\
                      y_0 & = \sqrt{2} - 1
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then iterate
 
: <math> \begin{align} y_{k+1} & = \frac{1-(1-y_k^4)^{1/4}}{1+(1-y_k^4)^{1/4}} \\
                      a_{k+1} & = a_k(1+y_{k+1})^4 - 2^{2k+3} y_{k+1} (1 + y_{k+1} + y_{k+1}^2)
          \end{align}
</math>
 
Then a<sub>k</sub> converges quartically against 1/π; that is, each iteration approximately quadruples the number of correct digits.
 
==Quartic convergence (1984)==
 
Start out by setting<ref>{{cite book| title=π Unleashed |first1=Jörg |last1=Arndt |first2=Christoph |last2=Haenel |publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=3-540-66572-2 |year=1998 |page=236}}</ref>
 
:<math> \begin{align} a_0 & = \sqrt{2} \\
                      b_0 & = 0 \\
                      p_0 & = 2 + \sqrt{2}
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then iterate
 
:<math> \begin{align} a_{n+1} & = \frac{\sqrt{a_n} + 1/\sqrt{a_n}}{2} \\
                      b_{n+1} & = \frac{(1 + b_n) \sqrt{a_n}}{a_n + b_n} \\
                      p_{n+1} & = \frac{(1 + a_{n+1})\, p_n b_{n+1}}{1 + b_{n+1}}
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then p<sub>k</sub> converges quartically to π; that is, each iteration approximately quadruples the number of correct digits. The algorithm is ''not'' self-correcting; each iteration must be performed with the desired number of correct digits of π.
 
==Quintic convergence==
 
Start out by setting{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
:<math> \begin{align} a_0 & = \frac{1}{2} \\
                      s_0 & = 5(\sqrt{5} - 2)
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then iterate
 
:<math> \begin{align} x_{n+1} & = \frac{5}{s_n} - 1 \\
                      y_{n+1} & = (x_{n+1} - 1)^2 + 7 \\
                      z_{n+1} & = \left(\frac{1}{2} x_{n+1}\left(y_{n+1} + \sqrt{y_{n+1}^2 - 4x_{n+1}^3}\right)\right)^{1/5} \\
                      a_{n+1} & = s_n^2 a_n - 5^n\left(\frac{s_n^2 - 5}{2} + \sqrt{s_n(s_n^2 - 2s_n + 5)}\right) \\
                      s_{n+1} & = \frac{25}{(z_{n+1} + x_{n+1}/z_{n+1} + 1)^2 s_n}
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then a<sub>k</sub> converges quintically to 1/π (that is, each iteration approximately quintuples the number of correct digits), and the following condition holds:
 
:<math>0 < a_n - \frac{1}{\pi} < 16\cdot 5^n\cdot e^{-5^n}\pi\,\!</math>
 
<ref>http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/organics/papers/garvan/paper/html/node12.html</ref>
 
==Nonic convergence==
 
Start out by setting{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
 
:<math> \begin{align} a_0 & = \frac{1}{3} \\
                      r_0 & = \frac{\sqrt{3} - 1}{2} \\
                      s_0 & = (1 - r_0^3)^{1/3}
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then iterate
 
:<math> \begin{align} t_{n+1} & = 1 + 2r_n \\
                      u_{n+1} & = (9r_n (1 + r_n + r_n^2))^{1/3} \\
                      v_{n+1} & = t_{n+1}^2 + t_{n+1}u_{n+1} + u_{n+1}^2 \\
                      w_{n+1} & = \frac{27 (1 + s_n + s_n^2)}{v_{n+1}} \\
                      a_{n+1} & = w_{n+1}a_n + 3^{2n-1}(1-w_{n+1}) \\
                      s_{n+1} & = \frac{(1 - r_n)^3}{(t_{n+1} + 2u_{n+1})v_{n+1}} \\
                      r_{n+1} & = (1 - s_{n+1}^3)^{1/3}
        \end{align}
</math>
 
Then a<sub>k</sub> converges nonically to 1/π; that is, each iteration approximately multiplies the number of correct digits by nine.
 
==See also==
 
* [[Gauss–Legendre algorithm]] - another algorithm to calculate π
* [[Bailey-Borwein-Plouffe formula]]
 
==References==
<references />
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/PiFormulas.html Pi Formulas] from Wolfram MathWorld
 
[[Category:Pi algorithms]]

Latest revision as of 15:50, 26 September 2014

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