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| {{Infobox scientist
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| | name = Kip Thorne
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| | image = Kip Thorne at Caltech.jpg
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| | image_size = 240px
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| | caption =
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| | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|6|1}}
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| | birth_place = [[Logan, Utah]]
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| | death_date =
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| | death_place =
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| | residence = [[United States]]
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| | nationality = [[United States|American]]
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| | field = [[Physics]]
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| | work_institution = [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]]
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| | alma_mater = [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], [[Princeton University]]
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| | doctoral_advisor = [[John Archibald Wheeler]]
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| | doctoral_students = [[Saul Teukolsky]]<br>[[Alan Lightman]]<br>[[William H. Press]]<br>[[Erlangsen Bergstrom]]<br>[[Carlton M. Caves]]<br>[[Clifford Martin Will]]<br>[[Erlangsen Bergstrom]]<br>[[Richard H. Price]]<br>[[Lee Samuel Finn]]<br>[[William L. Burke]]<br>[[Bernard F. Schutz]]<br>[[Teviet Creighton]]<br>[[Sándor J. Kovács]]<br> [[David L. Lee]]
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| | known_for = [[General relativity|Relativity]] and [[Cosmology]]
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| | prizes =
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| | footnotes =
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| }}
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| '''Kip Stephen Thorne''' (born June 1, 1940) is an American [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicist]], known for his prolific contributions in [[gravitation|gravitational physics]] and [[astrophysics]] and for having trained a generation of scientists. A longtime friend and colleague of [[Stephen Hawking]] and [[Carl Sagan]], he was the [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]] Professor of Theoretical Physics at the [[California Institute of Technology]] (Caltech) until 2009<ref name="its.caltech.edu">[http://www.its.caltech.edu/~kip/scripts/biosketch.html "Kip S. Thorne: Biographical Sketch"]. Information Technology Services. [[California Institute of Technology]]. Retrieved January 6, 2013.</ref> and one of the world’s leading experts on the astrophysical implications of [[Albert Einstein|Einstein’s]] [[General relativity|general theory of relativity]]. He continues to do scientific research, and is reported to have inspired the 2014 science-fiction film ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]''.<ref>http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1719107/interstellar-trailer-christopher-nolan.jhtml retrieved Dec 19, 2013</ref>
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| ==Biography==
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| [[File:École de Physique des Houches (Les Houches Physics School) main lecture hall 1972.jpg|thumb|240px|Discussion in the main lecture hall at the [[École de Physique des Houches]] (Les Houches Physics School), 1972. From left, [[Yuval Ne'eman]], [[Bryce DeWitt]], Kip Thorne.]]
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| Thorne was born in [[Logan, Utah]], the son of [[Utah State University]] [[professor]]s D. Wynne Thorne and Alison C. Thorne, a [[soil chemistry|soil chemist]] and an [[economist]], respectively. Raised in an academic environment, two of his four siblings are also professors. He became interested in [[science]] at the age of eight, after attending a lecture about the [[solar system]]. Thorne and his mother then worked out calculations for their own model of the solar system.
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| Thorne rapidly excelled at academics early in life, becoming one of the youngest full professors in the history of the [[California Institute of Technology]]. He received his B.S. from Caltech in 1962, and [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] from [[Princeton University]] in 1965. He wrote his Ph.D. [[thesis]], ''[[Geometrodynamics]] of Cylindrical Systems'', under the supervision of relativist [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]]. Thorne returned to Caltech as an associate professor in 1967 and became a professor of theoretical physics in 1970, the William R. Kenan, Jr. Professor in 1981, and the [[Richard Feynman|Feynman]] Professor of Theoretical Physics in 1991. In June 2009 he resigned his Feynman Professorship (he is now the Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics, Emeritus) to pursue a career of writing and movie making. His first film project will team him with [[Christopher Nolan]].
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| Throughout the years, Thorne has served as a mentor and thesis advisor for many leading theorists who now work on observational, experimental, or astrophysical aspects of general relativity. Approximately 50 physicists have received Ph.D.s at Caltech under Thorne's personal mentorship.
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| Thorne is known for his ability to convey the excitement and significance of discoveries in gravitation and astrophysics to both professional and lay audiences. In 1999, Thorne made some speculations on what the 21st century will find as the answers to the following questions:
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| * Is there a "dark side of the universe" populated by objects such as black holes?
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| * Can we observe the birth of the universe and its dark side using radiation made from space-time warpage, or so-called "gravitational waves"?
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| * Will 21st century technology reveal quantum behavior in the realm of human-size objects?
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| His presentations on subjects such as [[black hole]]s, [[gravitational radiation]], [[theory of relativity|relativity]], [[time travel]], and [[wormhole]]s have been included in [[PBS]] shows in the U.S. and in the United Kingdom on the [[BBC]].
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| Thorne and Linda Jean Peterson married in 1960. Their children are Kares Anne and Bret Carter, an architect. Thorne and Peterson divorced in 1977. Thorne and his second wife, Carolee Joyce Winstein, a professor of [[kinesiology|biokinesiology]] and physical therapy at [[University of Southern California|USC]], married in 1984.
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| ==Research==
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| [[File:Kip S. Thorne, 1972.jpg|thumb|Thorne in 1972.]]
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| Thorne's research has principally focused on [[General relativity|relativistic]] [[Astrophysics#Theoretical astrophysics|astrophysics]] and [[Gravitation|gravitation physics]], with emphasis on [[Relativistic particle|relativistic]] [[star]]s, [[black hole]]s and especially [[gravitational waves]]. He is perhaps best known to the public for his controversial theory that [[wormhole]]s can conceivably be used for [[time travel]]. However, Thorne's scientific contributions, which center on the general nature of [[space]], [[time]], and [[gravity]], span the full range of topics in [[general relativity]].
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| ===Gravitational waves and LIGO===
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| Among a handful of physicists, Thorne is considered one of the world’s authorities on [[gravitational wave]]s. In part, his work has dealt with the prediction of gravity-wave strengths and their temporal signatures as observed on Earth. These “signatures” are of great relevance to [[LIGO]] (Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory), a multi-institution gravity-wave experiment for which Thorne has been a leading proponent – in 1984, he cofounded the LIGO Project (the largest project ever funded by the [[National Science Foundation|NSF]]) to discern and measure any fluctuations between two or more 'static' points; such fluctuations would be evidence of [[gravitational wave]]s, as calculations describe. A significant aspect of his research is developing the [[mathematics]] necessary to analyze these objects.<ref>[http://pass.maths.org.uk/issue18/features/thorne/index.html "Catching waves with Kip Thorne"]. ''[[Plus Magazine]]''. December 1, 2001</ref> Thorne also carries out [[engineering]] design analyses for features of the LIGO that cannot be developed on the basis of [[experiment]] and he gives advice on [[data analysis]] [[algorithm]]s by which the waves will be sought. He has provided theoretical support for LIGO, including identifying gravitational wave sources that LIGO should target, designing the baffles to control [[scattering|scattered light]] in the LIGO beam tubes, and – in collaboration with Vladimir Braginsky's (Moscow, Russia) research group – inventing [[Quantum Nondemolition measurement|quantum nondemolition]] designs for advanced [[gravitational wave|gravity-wave]] detectors and ways to reduce the most serious kind of [[noise]] in advanced detectors: [[Johnson–Nyquist noise|thermoelastic noise]]. With [[Carlton M. Caves]], Thorne invented the back-action-evasion approach to quantum nondemolition measurements of the [[Quadrature amplitude modulation|quadrature amplitude]]s of [[harmonic oscillator]]s – a technique applicable both in [[gravitational wave]] detection and [[quantum optics]].
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| ===Black hole cosmology===
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| {{main|Hoop Conjecture}}
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| Thorne has made prolific contributions to [[Physical cosmology|black hole cosmology]]. Thorne proposed his [[Hoop Conjecture]] that cast aside the thought of a [[naked singularity]]. The Hoop Conjecture describes an imploding star turning into a black hole when the critical circumference of the designed hoop can be placed around it and set into rotation.<ref>Thorne, Kip (January 1, 1995). ''[[Black Holes and Time Warps|Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy]]'', W. W. Norton & Company; Reprint edition. ISBN 0-393-31276-3.</ref> That is, any object of mass M around which a hoop of circumference <math>\begin{matrix} \frac{4 \pi GM}{c^2} \end{matrix}</math> can be spun must be a black hole. As a tool to be used in both enterprises, astrophysics and theoretical physics, Thorne has developed an unusual approach, called the "[[Membrane paradigm|Membrane Paradigm]]", to the theory of black holes and used it to clarify the "Blandford-Znajek" mechanism by which black holes may power some [[quasar]]s and [[active galactic nuclei]]. Thorne has investigated the [[quantum]] [[statistical mechanics|statistical mechanical]] origin of the [[entropy]] of a black hole and the entropy of a cosmological horizon in an [[cosmic inflation|inflationary model]] of the universe. With Wojciech Zurek he showed that the entropy of a black hole of known [[mass]], [[angular momentum]], and [[electric charge]] is the [[logarithm]] of the number of ways that the hole could have been made. With [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]] and Don Page he developed the general relativistic theory of thin [[accretion disk]]s around black holes, and using this theory he deduced that with a doubling of its mass by such [[Accretion (astrophysics)|accretion]] a black hole will be spun up to 0.998 of the maximum [[spin (physics)|spin]] allowed by general relativity, but never any farther; this is probably the maximum black-hole spin allowed in Nature. He, along with his mentor [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]], additionally proved that it was impossible for cylindrical [[magnetic field]] lines to [[Implosion (mechanical process)|implode]]. Both [[Stephen Hawking|Hawking]] and Thorne have theorized that a [[Gravitational singularity|singularity]] exists in the interior of a black hole.
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| ===Wormholes and time travel===
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| Thorne was one of the first people to conduct scientific research on whether the laws of physics permit space and time to be [[Simply connected space|multiply connected]] (can there exist classical, [[Wormhole#Traversable wormholes|traversable wormholes]] and "[[Time travel|time machine]]s"?). With Sung-Won Kim, Thorne identified a universal physical mechanism (the explosive growth of [[vacuum polarization]] of [[Field (physics)#Quantum fields|quantum field]]s), that may always prevent spacetime from developing [[closed timelike curve]]s (i.e., prevent "backward time travel"''). ''With Mike Morris and Ulvi Yurtsever he showed that traversable [[Wormhole#Traversable wormholes|Lorentzian wormholes]] can exist in the structure of [[spacetime]] only if they are threaded by quantum fields in [[quantum state]]s that violate the [[Energy condition#Mathematical statement|averaged null energy condition]] (i.e. have negative renormalized energy spread over a sufficiently large region). This has triggered research to explore the ability of quantum fields to possess such extended [[negative energy]]. Recent calculations by Thorne indicate that simple masses passing through traversable wormholes could never engender [[paradox]]es – there are ''no'' initial conditions that lead to paradox once time travel is introduced. If his results can be generalised, they would suggest that none of the supposed paradoxes formulated in time travel stories can actually be formulated at a precise physical level: that is, that ''any'' situation in a time travel story turns out to permit ''many'' consistent solutions.
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| ===Relativistic stars, multipole moments and other endeavors===
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| With Anna Żytkow<!--who is she?-->, Thorne predicted the existence of [[Red giant|red supergiant star]]s with [[neutron star|neutron-star]] cores ([[Thorne-Żytkow object]]s). Most importantly, he laid the foundations for the theory of [[angular frequency|pulsation]]s of relativistic stars and the [[gravitational radiation]] they emit. With [[James Hartle]], Thorne derived from general relativity the laws of motion and precession of black holes and other relativistic bodies, including the influence of the coupling of their [[multipole moments]] to the spacetime curvature of nearby objects. Thorne has also theoretically predicted the existence of universally antigravitating "[[exotic matter]]" – the element needed to accelerate the expansion rate of the universe, keep traversable wormhole "Star Gates" open and keep [[Minkowski space|timelike]] [[geodesic]] free float "[[Alcubierre drive|warp drive]]s" working. With Clifford Will and others of his students, he laid foundations for the theoretical interpretation of experimental [[tests of general relativity|tests of relativistic theories of gravity]] – foundations on which Will and others then built. Thorne is currently interested in the origin of classical space and time from the [[quantum foam]] of [[quantum gravity]] theory.
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| ==Publications==
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| Thorne has written and edited books on topics in [[Gravitation|gravitational theory]] and [[High-energy astronomy|high-energy astrophysics]]. In 1973, he co-authored the classic textbook ''[[Gravitation (book)|Gravitation]]'' with [[Charles Misner]] and [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]];<ref>{{cite book
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| | last = Misner | first = Charles W. | coauthors = Kip S. Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler | title = Gravitation | publisher = W. H. Freeman | location = San Francisco |date=September 1973 | isbn = 0-7167-0344-0 }}</ref> from which most of the present generation of scientists have learned general relativity theory. In 1994, he published ''[[Black Holes and Time Warps|Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy]]'', a landmark book for non-scientists for which he received numerous awards. This book has been published in six languages, and editions in Chinese, Italian, Czech, and Polish are in press.
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| Thorne's work has appeared in publications such as:
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| * ''[[Scientific American]]'',
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| * McGraw-Hill ''[[Yearbook of Science and Technology]]'', and
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| * ''[[Collier's Encyclopedia]]'' among many others.
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| Thorne has published more than 150 articles in scholarly journals.
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| ==Honors and awards==
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| Thorne has been elected to:
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| * the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]], (1972)<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter T|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterT.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=15 April 2011}}</ref>
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| * the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]],
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| * the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]], and
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| * the [[American Philosophical Society]].
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| He has been recognized by numerous awards including:
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| * the [[American Institute of Physics]] Science Writing Award in Physics and Astronomy,
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| * the [[Phi Beta Kappa Society|Phi Beta Kappa]] Science Writing Award,
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| * the [[American Physical Society]]'s [[Lilienfeld Prize]],
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| * the [[German Astronomical Society]]'s [[Karl Schwarzschild Medal]],
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| * the [[Robinson Prize in Cosmology]] from the [[University of Newcastle upon Tyne|University of Newcastle]], England,
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| * the [[Albert Einstein Medal]] in 2009 from the [[Albert Einstein Society]], Bern, Switzerland,
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| * the [[Sigma Xi: The Scientific Research Society]]'s [[Common Wealth Awards for Science and Invention]], and
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| * the [[California Science Center]]'s [[California Scientist of the Year Award (2003)]].
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| He has been a [[Woodrow Wilson Fellow]], [[Danforth Fellow]], [[Guggenheim Fellowship|Guggenheim Fellow]], and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Fellow]]. He has also received the honorary degree of doctor of humane letters from [[Claremont Graduate University]].
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| He has been elected to hold Lorentz chair for the year 2009 [[Leiden University| Leiden University, the Netherlands]].
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| Thorne has served on:
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| * the [[International Committee on General Relativity and Gravitation]],
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| * the [[Committee on US-USSR Cooperation in Physics]], and
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| * the National Academy of Sciences' [[Space Science Board]], which has advised [[NASA]] and Congress on [[space science policy]].
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| ==Adaption in media==
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| An upcoming film titled ''[[Interstellar (film)|Interstellar]]'' is based on Thorne's theories of gravity fields, wormholes and several hypotheses that Albert Einstein was never able to prove.
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| ==Partial bibliography==
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| *Thorne, K. S., in 300 Years of Gravitation, (Eds.) S. W. Hawking and W. Israel, 1987, (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press), ''Gravitational Radiation''.
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| *Thorne, K. S., Price, R. H. and Macdonald, D. M., ''Black Holes, The Membrane Paradigm'', 1986, (New Haven: Yale Univ. Press).
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| *Friedman, J., Morris, M. S., Novikov, I. D., Echeverria, F., Klinkhammer, G., Thorne, K. S. and Yurtsever, U., Physical Review D., 1990, (in press), ''[[Cauchy problem|Cauchy Problem]] in [[Spacetime]]s with [[Closed Timelike Curve]]s''.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Hoop conjecture]]
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| * [[Membrane paradigm|Membrane Paradigm]]
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| * [[LIGO]]
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| * [[Time travel]]
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| * [[Thorne–Zytkow object]]
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| * [[Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet]]
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| * [[Stephen Hawking]]
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| * [[John Archibald Wheeler|John Wheeler]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==External links==
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| * {{IMDb name|id=0861399|name=Kip Thorne}}
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| * [http://www.its.caltech.edu/~kip/ Home Page]
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| * [http://www.ligo.caltech.edu/docs/G/G020325-00/G020325-00.pdf Crunch Time]
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| * [http://www.usd.edu/phys/courses/phys300/gallery/clark/thorne.html/ Founding Fathers of Relativity]
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| {{Authority control|VIAF=108141048}}
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| {{Persondata
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| |NAME= Thorne, Kip
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| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
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| |SHORT DESCRIPTION= [[Physics|Physicist]]
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| |DATE OF BIRTH= June 1, 1940
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| |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Logan, Utah]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Thorne, Kip Stephen}}
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| [[Category:Relativists]]
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| [[Category:Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences]]
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| [[Category:Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]
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| [[Category:1940 births]]
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| [[Category:Living people]]
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| [[Category:American astronomers]]
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| [[Category:American physicists]]
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| [[Category:Particle physicists]]
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| [[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
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| [[Category:Princeton University alumni]]
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| [[Category:California Institute of Technology faculty]]
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| [[Category:Fellows of the American Physical Society]]
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| [[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
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| [[Category:Guggenheim Fellows]]
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| [[Category:People from Logan, Utah]]
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| [[Category:UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal recipients]]
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