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| {{About|the hairstyle|the band|Ponytail (band)}}
| | It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>Should you loved this informative article and you would want to receive much more information with regards to [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 Best Dentists in DC] generously visit our own web-page. |
| {{refimprove|date=July 2010}}
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| [[File:Street Parade 2013 033.jpg|thumb|A woman's ponytail from the side]]
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| A '''ponytail''' is a [[hairstyle]] in which some, most, or all of the [[hair]] on the head is pulled away from the face, gathered and secured at the back of the head with a [[scrunchie|hair tie]], clip, or other similar device, and allowed to hang freely from that point. It gets its name from its resemblance to the [[tail (horse)|undocked tail]] of a [[horse]] or [[pony]]. Ponytails are most commonly gathered at the middle of the back of the head, or the base of the neck. Depending on fashions, they may also be worn at the side of the head (which is sometimes considered formal) which is worn over one ear, or on the very top of the head (allowing the hair to fall down the back or one side of the head).
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| If the hair is divided so that it hangs in two sections they are ''[[bunches]]'' or ''pigtails'' if left loose, or [[pigtail]]s or [[braids]] if plaited. Unbraided ponytails worn above each ear are sometimes called ''dog-ears''.
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| It is common for those who wear tight ponytails to experience [[traction alopecia]], a form of hair loss. Sometimes it will cause a headache.<ref name="Andrews">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.</ref>{{rp|761}}<ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-138076-0.</ref>{{rp|645}}
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| ==Ponytails on women and girls==
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| [[File:Girl with ponytail-Women at the Quern.jpg|thumb|Detail from an 18th-century engraving showing a girl (left) with a ponytail]]
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| Women (as opposed to girls) complying with European fashion of the [[Georgian era|Georgian period]] and to the 20th century rarely were seen outside of the boudoir with their hair in such an informal style as a ponytail.
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| Today, women commonly wear their hair in ponytails in informal and office settings or when exercising; they are likely to choose more-elaborate styles (such as braids and those involving accessories) for formal occasions. It is a practical choice as it keeps hair out of the eyes. It will keep the hair off the neck as well. The ponytail is also popular with school-aged girls, partly because flowing hair is often associated with youth and because of its simplicity; a young girl is likely to be able to retie her own hair after a sports class, for example. A ponytail can also be a fashion statement; sometimes meaning sporty, other times a low pony tail sends signals of a chic personality.
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| ==As a man's hairstyle==
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| [[File:2009-10-27 pt development 01.jpg|thumb|[[Man]]'s white-haired ponytail on a black background.]]
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| In the late 1980s, a short ponytail was seen as an edgy, "in-your-face" look for men who wanted to stand out from the crowd, but keep their hair flat and functional (see [[Mullet (haircut)|mullet]]). [[Steven Seagal]]'s ponytail in ''[[Marked for Death]]'' is an example of such. <!-- Gonna need sources for this part: Often, ponytailed men would remove the hair band in certain settings, to display their full growth, often for mating or dominance display. A man's ponytail can also be referred to (somewhat mockingly) as a stalliontail. -->
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| Men who wear their hair long, or sometimes in [[Mullet (haircut)|mullets]], frequently tie it back into a ponytail, but avoid the top- or side-of-the-head variants,{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}} although these variants can be used for practical reasons for keeping it off the neck.
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| In the second half of the 18th century, most men in [[Europe]] wore their hair long and tied back into what we would now describe as a ponytail, although it was sometimes gathered into a silk bag rather than allowed to hang freely. At that time, it was commonly known by the [[French language|French]] word for "tail", ''[[Queue (hairstyle)|queue]]''. It was a mandatory hairstyle for men in all European armies until the early 19th century, after most civilians had stopped wearing queues. The [[British Army]] was the first to dispense with it, and by the end of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] most armies had changed their regulations to make short hair compulsory.
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| "[[queue (hairstyle)|Queue]]" was also the word used to refer to the waist-length [[pigtail]] which the ruling [[Manchu]]s made [[Han Chinese]] men wear during the [[Qing Dynasty]] in [[China]].
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| ==Scientific studies==
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| The first equation of state for hair was developed by C F van Wyk in 1946.
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| Scientists in the [[UK]] have formulated a [[mathematical model]] that predicts the shape of a ponytail given the length and random curvature (or curliness) of a sample of individual hairs. The Ponytail Shape Equation provides an understanding of how a ponytail is swelled by the outward pressure which arises from interactions between the component hairs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Science behind ponytail revealed|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-17012795|publisher=BBC|accessdate=15 February 2012|date=13 February 2012}}</ref>
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| The researchers developed a general [[Continuum (theory)|continuum theory]] for a bundle of hairs, treating each hair as an elastic filament with random intrinsic curvature. From this they created a [[differential equation]] for the shape of the bundle relating the elasticity, gravity, and orientational disorder and extracted a simple [[equation of state]] to relate the swelling pressure to the measured random curvatures of individual hairs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Synopsis: Ponytail physics|url=http://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.078101|work=Physical Review Letters|publisher=[[American Physical Society]]|accessdate=14 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Abstract: Shape of a Ponytail and the Statistical Physics of Hair Fiber Bundles|url=http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v108/i7/e078101|work=Physical Review Letters|publisher=American Physical Society|accessdate=14 February 2012|author=Raymond E. Goldstein|coauthors=Patrick B. Warren, and Robin C. Ball|date=13 February 2012}}</ref> The equation itself is a fourth order non linear differential equation.<ref>http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gold/pdfs/ponytail_prl.pdf</ref>
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| The [[Rapunzel number]] is a ratio used in this equation to calculate the effects of gravity on hair relative to its length.<ref name=Goldstein2012>Goldstein RE, Warren PB, Ball RC (2012) Shape of a ponytail and the statistical physics of hair fiber bundles. Phys Review Letts 198 (7)</ref> This number determines whether a ponytail looks like a fan or whether it arcs over and becomes nearly vertical at the bottom. A short ponytail of springy hair with a low Rapunzel number, fans outward. A long ponytail with a high Rapunzel number, hangs down, as the pull of gravity overwhelms the springiness.
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| It is now also known why jogger's ponytails swing side to side.<ref name=Keller2012>Keller JB (2010) Ponytail motion. SIAM [Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics] J Appl Math 70 (7) 2667–7262</ref> An up and down motion is too unstable: a ponytail cannot sway forward and backward because the jogger’s head is in the way. Any slight jostling causes the up and down movement to become a side to side sway.
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| The research on the shape of the ponytail won the authors the [[Ig Nobel]] for [[Physics]] in 2012.<ref>http://www.improbable.com/ig/winners/#ig2011</ref>
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| ===Ponytail equation===
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| The ponytail equation is<ref name="Goldstein2012"/>
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| : <math> l^3 R_{ssss} - ( L - s ) R_{ss} + R_s - \pi ( R ) = 0 </math> | |
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| where
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| : <math> \pi( R ) = \frac{ 4 l^3 P }{ A \rho R } </math>
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| In these equations ''l'' is the length at which [[gravity]] bends the hair
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| <math> l = ( \frac{ A }{ \lambda g } )^\frac{ 1 }{ 3 }</math>
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| where ''g'' is the [[acceleration]] due to gravity, ''A'' is the bending modulus and ''λ'' is the density of the hair. ''A'' is defined to be
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| : <math> A = \frac{ E \pi d^4 }{ 64 }</math>
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| ''E'' is a constant equal to 4 giga[[Pascal (unit)|Pascal]] and ''d'' is the average diameter of the hair.
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| ''L'' is the length of the switch of hair in the ponytail, ''R'' is the ponytail [[radius]], ''s'' is the arc length from the clamp on the ponytail, ''P'' is the pressure due to the clamp and ''ρ'' is the hair density
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| <math> \rho = \frac{ N }{ \pi R^2 } </math>
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| where ''N'' is the number of hairs in the ponytail. ''R''<sub>s</sub> is the partial derivative of ''R'' with respect to ''s''.
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| The Rapunzel number (Ra) is the ratio | |
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| : <math> Ra = \frac{ L }{ l } </math>
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| The numerical values used in this equation were the average density of human hair (1.3 [[gram]]s per cubic [[centimeter]]), a bending modulus ( ''A'' ) of 8 x 10<sup>−9</sup> Newton meter<sup>2</sup>, a linear mass density of hair ( ''λ'' ) of 65 microgrammes per centimeter and the major diameter of the hair (human hair is elliptical in cross section) of 79 +/- 16 [[micrometer]]s. ''N'' was taken to be 100,000 - the average numbers of hairs on a human head. The constant ''E'' was that of nylon which is similar to hair in its bend and twist moduli. The length ''L'' was taken to be 25 centimeters. These values give a length at which gravity bends a hair of ''l'' = 5.
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| The authors found empirically that by ignoring the second and fourth order derivatives of ''R'' with respect to ''s'' in the equation allowed for an exact solution to the equation that produced an excellent fit to the observed ponytails.
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| The authors also found that the spread of the ponytail around the anteroposterior axis (front-back) was symmetrical and made an angle of ~17 degrees with this axis. This angle was approximately constant in all the lengths tested. | |
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| ==See also== | |
| *[[List of hairstyles]]
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| *[[Sailendra Nath Roy]]
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| == References ==
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| {{commons category|Ponytails}}
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| {{reflist}}
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| {{Human hair footer}}
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| [[Category:Hairstyles]]
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It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.
Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.
At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.
Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.
Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.
Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.
Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.
Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.
In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.
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