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| {{chembox
| | To finally start, all we accusation to accomplish is actualize a authentic little dinner table in this way which has your adapted prices, plus again I will visual appeal you how to application linear interpolation to aid account any added cost.<br><br> |
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| | verifiedrevid = 476999452
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| | Name = Copper(I) oxide
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| | ImageFile = copperIoxide.jpg
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| | ImageSize = 150px
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| | ImageName = Copper(I) oxide
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| | ImageFile1 = Copper(I)-oxide-unit-cell-A-3D-balls.png
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| | ImageSize1 = 150px
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| | ImageName1 = Copper(I) oxide unit cell
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| | IUPACName = Copper(I) oxide
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| | OtherNames = Cuprous oxide<br/>Dicopper oxide<br/>[[Cuprite]]<br/>Red copper oxide
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| | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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| | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | ChemSpiderID = 8488659
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| | UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
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| | UNII = T8BEA5064F
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| | InChI = 1/2Cu.O/rCu2O/c1-3-2
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| | SMILES = [Cu]O[Cu]
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| | InChIKey = BERDEBHAJNAUOM-YQWGQOGZAF
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| | InChI1 = 1/2Cu.O/q2*+1;-2
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| | InChIKey1 = KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYAM
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| | SMILES1 = [Cu+].[Cu+].[O-2]
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| | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | StdInChI = 1S/2Cu.O/q2*+1;-2
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| | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | StdInChIKey = KRFJLUBVMFXRPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| | CASNo = 1317-39-1
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| | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
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| | PubChem = 10313194
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| | RTECS = GL8050000
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| | EINECS = 215-270-7
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| | KEGG_Ref = {{keggcite|correct|kegg}}
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| | KEGG = C18714
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| }}
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| | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
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| | Formula = Cu<sub>2</sub>O
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| | MolarMass = 143.09 g/mol
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| | Appearance = brownish-red solid
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| | Density = 6.0 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
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| | Solubility = Insoluble
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| | SolubleOther = Soluble
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| | Solvent = acid
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| | MeltingPtC = 1232
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| | BoilingPtC = 1800
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| | BandGap = 2.137 [[Electronvolt|eV]]
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| }}
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| | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
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| | Coordination =
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| | CrystalStruct = [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]]
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| }}
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| | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
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| | DeltaHf = −170 kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup>
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| | Entropy = 93 J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup>
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| }}
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| | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
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| | ExternalMSDS = [http://siri.org/msds/mf/cards/file/0421.html SIRI.org]
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| | EUIndex = 029-002-00-X
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| | EUClass = Harmful ('''Xn''')<br/>Dangerous for the environment ('''N''')
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| | NFPA-H = 2
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| | NFPA-F = 0
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| | NFPA-R = 1
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| | RPhrases = {{R22}}, {{R50/53}}
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| | SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S22}}, {{S60}}, {{S61}}
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| }}
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| | Section8 = {{Chembox Related
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| | OtherAnions = [[Copper(I) sulfide]]<br/>[[Copper(II) sulfide]]<br/>[[Copper(I) selenide]]
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| | OtherCations = [[Copper(II) oxide]]<br />[[Silver(I) oxide]]<br/>[[Nickel(II) oxide]]<br/>[[Zinc oxide]]
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| }}
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| }}
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| '''Copper(I) oxide''' or '''cuprous oxide''' is the [[inorganic compound]] with the formula Cu<sub>2</sub>O. It is one of the principal [[oxide]]s of [[copper]]. This red-coloured solid is a component of some [[antifouling]] paints. The compound can appear either yellow or red, depending on the size of the particles.<ref>N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, ''Chemistry of the Elements'', 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.</ref> Copper(I) oxide is found as the reddish [[mineral]] [[cuprite]].
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| ==Preparation== | | If you cherished this article so you would like to acquire more [http://Search.un.org/search?ie=utf8&site=un_org&output=xml_no_dtd&client=UN_Website_en&num=10&lr=lang_en&proxystylesheet=UN_Website_en&oe=utf8&q=info+pertaining&Submit=Go info pertaining] to [http://circuspartypanama.com hack clash of clans iphone] kindly visit our web page. Shelter are able to take those gems to proper fortify his army. He tapped 'Yes,'" considerably without thinking. Within just under a month of most walking around a small number of hours on a daily basis, he''d spent well-nigh 1000 dollars.<br><br>Numerous games which have happened to be created till now, clash of clans is preferred by many people. The game which requires players to build villages and characters to move forward can quite daunting at times. Participants have to carry out doors different tasks including raids and missions. These can be very tough and many people players often get bogged down in one place. When this happens, it can be quite frustrating. Sadly this can be been altered now because there can be a way out of this guidance.<br><br>All over Clash of Clans Hacks (a brilliant popular social architecture and arresting dazzling by Supercell) participants could well acceleration up accomplishments as an example building, advance or training troops with gems that can bought for absolute money. They're basically monetizing the accurate player's impatience. Each single amusing architecture daring I actually apperceive of manages to do it.<br><br>Ensure you may not let on-line computer games take over your located. Game titles can be quite additive, this means you have to make a number of you moderate the time that you investing activity such games. If you invest an excessive number of time playing video game, your actual life may easily begin to falter.<br><br>Conserve lots of some money on your games, think about signing up into a assistance in which you can rent payments programs from. The worth of these lease plans for the year is going to be normally under the be of two video party games. You can preserve the game titles until you control them and simply pass out them back after more and purchase another individual.<br><br>And any our options are inspected and approved from the best virus recognition software and so anti-virus in the industry to ensure a security-level as huge as you can, in might you fear for the security of your computer or perhaps your cellular device, no inconveniences. In case you nevertheless have any doubts, take a evaluate the movie and you'll warning it operates and everyone 100% secure! It will only take a few moments of your time! |
| Copper(I) oxide may be produced by several methods.<ref>H. Wayne Richardson "Copper Compounds'' in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{DOI|10.1002/14356007.a07_567}}</ref> Most straightforwardly, it arises via the oxidation of copper metal:
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| : 4 Cu + O<sub>2</sub> → 2 Cu<sub>2</sub>O
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| Additives such as water and acids affect the rate of this process as well as the further oxidation to copper(II) oxides. It is also produced commercially by reduction of copper(II) solutions with [[sulfur dioxide]]. Aqueous cuprous chloride solutions react with base to give the same material. In all cases, the color is highly sensitive to the procedural details.
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| Formation of copper(I) oxide is the basis of the [[Fehling's solution|Fehling's test]] and [[Benedict's reagent|Benedict's test]] for reducing [[sugars]]. These sugars reduce an [[alkaline]] solution of a copper(II) salt, giving a bright red [[precipitate]] of Cu<sub>2</sub>O.
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| It forms on [[silver (element)|silver]]-plated copper parts exposed to moisture when the silver layer is porous or damaged. This kind of [[corrosion]] is known as [[red plague (corrosion)|red plague]].
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| Little <!--none really--> evidence exists for cuprous hydroxide, which is expected to rapidly undergo dehydration. A similar situation applies to the hydroxides of gold(I) and silver(I).
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| Copper(I) oxide can also be prepared by reacting a copper-ammonia complex with hydrogen peroxide.
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| ==Properties==
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| The solid is diamagnetic. In terms of their coordination spheres, copper centres are 2-coordinated and the oxides are tetrahedral. The structure thus resembles in some sense the main polymorphs of SiO<sub>2</sub>, and both structures feature interpenetrated lattices.
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| Copper(I) oxide dissolves in concentrated [[ammonia]] solution to form the colourless [[complex (chemistry)|complex]] [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>, which is easily [[redox|oxidized]] in air to the blue [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>. It dissolves in [[hydrochloric acid]] to give solutions of CuCl<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup>. Dilute [[sulfuric acid]] and [[nitric acid]] produce [[copper(II) sulfate]] and [[copper(II) nitrate]], respectively.<ref>D. Nicholls, ''Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements'', Macmillan Press, London, 1973.</ref>
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| Cu<sub>2</sub>O degrades to [[copper(II) oxide]] in moist air.
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| == Structure ==
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| Cu<sub>2</sub>O crystallizes in a [[Cubic crystal system|cubic]] structure with a lattice constant a<sub>l</sub>=4.2696 Å. The Cu atoms arrange in a [[Bravais lattice|fcc]] sublattice, the O atoms in a [[Bravais lattice|bcc]] sublattice. One sublattice is shifted by a quarter of the body diagonal. The [[space group]] is <math>\scriptstyle Pn\bar{3}m</math>, which includes the [[point group]] with full octahedral symmetry.
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| ==Semiconducting properties==
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| In the history of [[semiconductor]] physics, Cu<sub>2</sub>O is one of the most studied materials, and many experimental observations and semiconductor applications have been demonstrated first in this material:
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| *[[Semiconductor]]
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| *Semiconductor [[diode]]s<ref>L. O. Grondahl, Unidirectional current carrying device, Patent, 1927</ref>
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| *Experimental demonstration of [[Exciton#Wannier_excitons|Wannier exciton]] series <ref name="klingshirn">C. F. Klingshirn, ''Semiconductor Optics'', 3rd ed., Springer, 2006, [[Special:Booksources/354038345X]]</ref>
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| *[[Polariton]] propagation beats in a solid <ref name="klingshirn"/>
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| *Dynamical [[Stark effect]] of excitons <ref name="klingshirn"/>
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| *Phonoritons <ref>L. Hanke, D. Fröhlich, A.L. Ivanov, P.B. Littlewood, and H. Stolz "LA-Phonoritons in Cu<sub>2</sub>O" ''[[Phys. Rev. Lett.]]'' '''83''' (1999), 4365.</ref><ref>L. Brillouin: ''Wave Propagation and Group Velocity'', [[Academic Press]], [[New York]], 1960.</ref>
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| Today, it is still under investigation in semiconductor [[optics]]. Particularly people are trying to create a [[Bose-Einstein condensate]] of excitons in Cu<sub>2</sub>O.<ref name="klingshirn"/>
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| The lowest excitons in Cu<sub>2</sub>O are extremely long living and show a [[electronvolt|neV]] resonance, which is the narrowest bulk exciton resonance ever observed.<ref>J. Brandt, D. Fröhlich, C. Sandfort, M. Bayer, H. Stolz, and N. Naka, ''Ultranarrow absorption and two-phonon excitation spectroscopy of Cu<sub>2</sub>O paraexcitons in a high magnetic field'', Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 217403 (2007). {{DOI|10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.217403}}</ref> The associated quadrupole [[polariton]]s have low [[group velocity]] approaching the speed of [[sound]]. Thus, [[light]] moves almost as slowly as sound in this medium, which results in high polariton [[density|densities]].
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| Another unusual feature of the [[ground state]] excitons is that all primary scattering mechanisms are known quantitatively.<ref>J.P. Wolfe and A. Mysyrowicz: Excitonic Matter, ''[[Scientific American]]'' '''250''' (1984), No. 3, 98.</ref> Cu<sub>2</sub>O was the first substance where an entirely parameter-free model of [[absorption (electromagnetic radiation)|absorption]] [[linewidth]] broadening by [[temperature]] could be established, allowing the corresponding [[absorption coefficient]] to be deduced. It can be shown using Cu<sub>2</sub>O that the [[Kramers–Kronig relation]]s do not apply to polaritons.<ref name="klingshirn">Original: J.J. Hopfield, Theory of the Contribution of Excitons to the Complex Dielectric Constant of Crystals, ''[[Phys. Rev.]]'' '''112''' (1958), 1555.</ref>
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| ==Applications==
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| Cuprous oxide is commonly used as a [[pigment]], a [[fungicide]], and an anti[[fouling]] agent for marine paints. [[Rectifier|Rectifier diode]]s based on this material have been used industrially as early as 1924, long before [[silicon]] became the standard. Copper(I) oxide is also responsible for the pink color in a positive [[Benedict's reagent|Benedict's Test]].
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Copper(II) oxide]]
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| ==References==
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| <references/>
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| ==External links==
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| {{commons category|Copper(I) oxide}}
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| *[http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/27.html National Pollutant Inventory: Copper and compounds fact sheet]
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| *[http://chemicalland21.com/industrialchem/inorganic/CUPROUS%20OXIDE.htm Chemical Land21 Product Information page]
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| * [http://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/echem/echem2.html Make a solar cell in your kitchen]
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| * [http://scitoys.com/scitoys/scitoys/echem/echem3.html A Flat Panel Solar Battery]
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| * [http://copperoxides.altervista.org/ Copper oxides project page]
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| {{Copper compounds}}
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| {{Oxides}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Copper(I) Oxide}}
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| [[Category:Oxides]]
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| [[Category:Copper compounds]]
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| [[Category:Semiconductor materials]]
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| [[Category:Solar cells]]
| |
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