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| {{Continuum mechanics}}
| | Have we been wondering "how do I speed up my computer" lately? Well chances are if you are reading this article; then you are experiencing 1 of many computer issues that thousands of individuals discover that they face on a regular basis.<br><br>You can reformat a computer to create it run faster. This will reset a computer to whenever you first utilized it. Always remember to back up all files and programs before carrying this out because this will remove a files from a database. Remember before you do this you require all drivers and installation files and this should be a last resort should you are trying to find slow computer tricks.<br><br>So, this advanced dual scan is not only among the better, however, it really is moreover freeware. And as of all of this which various regard CCleaner 1 of the greater registry cleaners inside the market now. I would add that I personally choose Regcure for the easy reason that it has a greater interface plus I know for a fact it is ad-ware without charge.<br><br>Windows errors is caused by any amount of reasons, nevertheless there's virtually always 1 cause. There's a hidden piece of the program that is responsible for making 90% of all Windows mistakes, and it's called the 'registry'. This really is the central database for your program plus is where the computer stores all its system files plus settings. It's a very important piece of Windows, that is should be able to function. However, it's furthermore among the biggest causes of difficulties on a PC.<br><br>Another well-known cause of PC slow down is a corrupt registry. The registry is a important component of computers running on Windows platform. When this gets corrupted a PC will slowdown, or worse, not start at all. Fixing the registry is easy with all the utilize of a system and [http://bestregistrycleanerfix.com/tune-up-utilities tuneup utilities 2014].<br><br>Active X controls are used across the whole spectrum of computer and web technologies. These controls are called the building blocks of the internet and because the glue which puts it all together. It is a standard which is chosen by all programmers to create the web more useful plus interactive. Without these control specifications there would basically be no public internet.<br><br>To accelerate your computer, we simply should be capable to do away with all these junk files, permitting a computer to obtain just what it wants, when it wants. Luckily, there's a tool which allows us to do this easily and immediately. It's a tool called a 'registry cleaner'.<br><br>By changing the means we employ the internet you are able to have access more of the valuable bandwidth. This usually ultimately give we a faster surfing experience. Here is a link to 3 methods to customize the PC speed online. |
| The expression '''Gay-Lussac's law''' is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] and which concern the properties of [[gases]], though it is more usually applied to his law of combining volumes, the first listed here. The first law relates to volumes before and after a chemical reaction while the second concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas often known as '''[[Gay-Lussac's law#Pressure-temperature law|Amontons' Law]]'''.
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| == Law of combining volumes ==
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| [[Image:Law of combining volumes.svg|thumb|150px|right|Under [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]], a reaction between three cubic meters of hydrogen gas and one cubic meter of nitrogen gas will produce circa two cubic meters of [[ammonia]]]]
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| The law of combining volumes states that, when gases react together to form other gases, and all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure:
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| <blockquote>
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| '''The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.'''
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| </blockquote>
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| For example, Gay-Lussac found that 2 volumes of Hydrogen and 1 volume of Oxygen would react to form 2 volume of gaseous water. In addition to Gay-Lussac's results, [[Amedeo Avogadro]] theorized that, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules ([[Avogadro's law]]). This hypothesis meant that the previously stated result
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| :2 volumes of Hydrogen + 1 volume of Oxygen = 2 volumes of gaseous water
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| could also be expressed as
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| :2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of Oxygen = 2 molecules of water.
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| The law of combining gases was made public by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808.<ref>Gay-Lussac (1809) [http://books.google.com/books?id=hnJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false "Mémoire sur la combinaison des substances gazeuses, les unes avec les autres"] (Memoir on the combination of gaseous substances with each other), ''Mémoires de la Société d'Arcueil'' '''2''': 207-234. Available in English at: [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaylussac.html Le Moyne College].</ref><ref>http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Guy-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html</ref> Avogadro's hypothesis, however, was not initially accepted by chemists until the Italian chemist [[Stanislao Cannizzaro]] was able to convince the First International Chemical Congress in 1860.<ref>Hartley, Harold (1966). "Stanislao Cannizzaro, F.R.S. (1826 – 1910) and the First International Chemical Conference at Karlsruhe". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 21: 56–63. {{doi|10.1098/rsnr.1966.0006}}.</ref>
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| == Pressure-temperature law ==
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| This law is often referred to as '''Amontons' Law of Pressure-Temperature''' after [[Guillaume Amontons]], who, between 1700 and 1702, discovered the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume<ref>{{citation | author = Barnett, Martin K. | date = Aug 1941 | title = A brief history of thermometry | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | page = 358|bibcode = 1941JChEd..18..358B |doi = 10.1021/ed018p358 }}. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed018p358 Extract.]</ref><ref>http://web.fccj.org/~ethall/gaslaw/gaslaw.htm</ref><ref>See:
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| * Amontons, G. (presented 1699, published 1732) [http://books.google.com/books?id=_czOAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false "Moyens de substituer commodément l'action du feu à la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines"] (Ways to conveniently substitute the action of fire for the force of men and horses in order to power machines), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'', 112-126; see especially pages 113-117.
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| * Amontons, G. (presented 1702, published 1743) [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false "Discours sur quelques propriétés de l'Air, & le moyen d'en connoître la température dans tous les climats de la Terre"] (Discourse on some properties of air and on the means of knowing the temperature in all climates of the Earth), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'', 155-174.
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| * See also: Fontenelle, B. B. (1743) [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Amontons&f=false "Sur une nouvelle proprieté de l'air, et une nouvelle construction de Thermométre"] (On a new property of the air and a new construction of thermometer), ''Histoire de l'Academie royale des sciences'', 1-8.</ref> Amontons discovered this while building an "air thermometer".
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| <blockquote>
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| '''The pressure of a gas of fixed [[mass]] and fixed [[volume]] is [[Proportionality (mathematics)|directly proportional]] to the gas's absolute temperature.'''
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| </blockquote>
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| [[File:Temperature Pressure law.svg|thumb|Illustration of pressure varying with temperature.]]
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| Simply put, if a gas's temperature increases, then so does its pressure if the mass and volume of the gas are held constant. The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in [[kelvin]]s. The law can then be expressed mathematically as:
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| :<math>{P}\propto{T}</math>
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| or
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| :<math>\frac{P}{T}=k</math>
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| where:
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| :''P'' is the [[pressure]] of the gas
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| :''T'' is the [[temperature]] of the gas (measured in [[Kelvin]]).
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| :''k'' is a [[Constant (mathematics)|constant]].
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| This law holds true because temperature is a measure of the average [[kinetic energy]] of a substance; as the kinetic energy of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure.
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| For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:
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| :<math>\frac{P_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2}{T_2} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad {P_1}{T_2}={P_2}{T_1}.</math>
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| Because Amontons discovered the law beforehand, Gay-Lussac's name is now generally associated within chemistry with the law of combining volumes discussed in the section above. Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law.<ref>Tippens, Paul E. (2007). Physics, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill. 386-387.</ref><ref>Cooper, Crystal (Feb. 11, 2010). "Gay-Lussac's Law". Bright Hub Engineering. Retrieved from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/26213-gay-lussacs-law/ on July 8, 2013.</ref> Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and temperature and published it in 1802, but his work did cover some comparison between pressure and temperature.<ref>Crosland, Maurice P. (2004). Gay-Lussac: Scientist and Bourgeois. Cambridge University Press. 119-120.</ref> Given the relative technology to both men, Amonton was only able to work with air as a gas, where Gay-Lussac was able to experiment with multiple types of common gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.<ref>Astimov, Issac (1966). Understanding Physics - Motion, Sound, and Heat. Walker and Co. 191-192.</ref> Gay-Lussac did attribute his findings to [[Jacques Charles]] because he used much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787 - hence, the law became known as [[Charles's law]] or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac<ref>Gay-Lussac (1802) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ctSn3TIeYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs"] (Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors) ''Annales de Chimie'' '''43''': 137-175. On page 157, Gay-Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles: "Avant d'aller plus loin, je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène, azote, hydrogène et acide carbonique, et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0° jusqu'a 80°, le cit. Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats, c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus." (Before going further, I should inform [you] that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid [i.e., carbon dioxide], and atmospheric air also expand from 0° to 80°, citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases; but having never published his results, it is by the merest chance that I knew of them.) Available in English at: [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaygas.html#foot1 Le Moyne College].</ref> However, in recent years the term has fallen out of favor.
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| Gay-Lussac's (Amontons') Law, [[Charles' Law]], and [[Boyle's law]] form the [[combined gas law]]. These three gas laws in combination with [[Avogadro's Law]] can be generalized by the [[ideal gas law]].
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| ==See also==
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| {{portal|Underwater diving}}
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| * [[Avogadro's law]]
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| * [[Boyle's law]]
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| * [[Charles' law]]
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| * [[Combined gas law]]
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * {{cite book | author=Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark; Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E. | title=Modern Chemistry | publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston | year=2002 | isbn=0-03-056537-5}}
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| * {{cite book | author=Guch, Ian | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry | publisher=Alpha, Penguin Group Inc. | year=2003 | isbn=1-59257-101-8}}
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| * {{cite book | author=Mascetta, Joseph A. | title=How to Prepare for the SAT II Chemistry | publisher=Barron's | year=1998 | isbn=0-7641-0331-8}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.webqc.org/gay_lussac_gas_law.html Gay-Lussac's law calculator]
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| * http://www.ausetute.com.au/gaylusac.html
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| * http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws3.html#amonton
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| * http://www.bookrags.com/biography/joseph-louis-gay-lussac-wsd/
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| {{Diving medicine, physiology and physics}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gay-Lussac's Law}}
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| [[Category:Gas laws]]
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| [[de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Gay-Lussac]]
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Have we been wondering "how do I speed up my computer" lately? Well chances are if you are reading this article; then you are experiencing 1 of many computer issues that thousands of individuals discover that they face on a regular basis.
You can reformat a computer to create it run faster. This will reset a computer to whenever you first utilized it. Always remember to back up all files and programs before carrying this out because this will remove a files from a database. Remember before you do this you require all drivers and installation files and this should be a last resort should you are trying to find slow computer tricks.
So, this advanced dual scan is not only among the better, however, it really is moreover freeware. And as of all of this which various regard CCleaner 1 of the greater registry cleaners inside the market now. I would add that I personally choose Regcure for the easy reason that it has a greater interface plus I know for a fact it is ad-ware without charge.
Windows errors is caused by any amount of reasons, nevertheless there's virtually always 1 cause. There's a hidden piece of the program that is responsible for making 90% of all Windows mistakes, and it's called the 'registry'. This really is the central database for your program plus is where the computer stores all its system files plus settings. It's a very important piece of Windows, that is should be able to function. However, it's furthermore among the biggest causes of difficulties on a PC.
Another well-known cause of PC slow down is a corrupt registry. The registry is a important component of computers running on Windows platform. When this gets corrupted a PC will slowdown, or worse, not start at all. Fixing the registry is easy with all the utilize of a system and tuneup utilities 2014.
Active X controls are used across the whole spectrum of computer and web technologies. These controls are called the building blocks of the internet and because the glue which puts it all together. It is a standard which is chosen by all programmers to create the web more useful plus interactive. Without these control specifications there would basically be no public internet.
To accelerate your computer, we simply should be capable to do away with all these junk files, permitting a computer to obtain just what it wants, when it wants. Luckily, there's a tool which allows us to do this easily and immediately. It's a tool called a 'registry cleaner'.
By changing the means we employ the internet you are able to have access more of the valuable bandwidth. This usually ultimately give we a faster surfing experience. Here is a link to 3 methods to customize the PC speed online.