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{{Other uses|Degeneracy (disambiguation){{!}}Degeneracy}}
In [[mathematics]], specifically [[linear algebra]], a '''degenerate''' [[bilinear form]] ƒ(''x,y'') on a [[vector space]] ''V'' is one such that the map from <math>V</math> to <math>V^*</math> (the [[dual space]] of <math>V</math>) given by <math>v \mapsto (x \mapsto f(x,v))</math> is not an [[isomorphism]].  An equivalent definition when ''V'' is finite-dimensional is that it has a non-trivial [[kernel (algebra)|kernel]]: there exist some non-zero ''x'' in ''V'' such that


:<math>f(x,y)=0\,</math> for all <math>y \in V.</math>


A '''nondegenerate''' or '''nonsingular''' form is one that is not degenerate, meaning that <math>v \mapsto (x \mapsto f(x,v))</math>  is an [[isomorphism]], or equivalently in finite dimensions, if and only if
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:<math>f(x,y)=0\,</math> for all <math>y \in V</math> implies that ''x'' = 0.
 
If ''V'' is [[finite-dimensional]] then, relative to some [[basis (linear algebra)|basis]] for ''V'', a bilinear form is degenerate if and only if the [[determinant]] of the associated [[matrix (mathematics)|matrix]] is zero – if and only if the matrix is ''singular,'' and accordingly degenerate forms are also called '''singular forms'''. Likewise, a nondegenerate form is one for which the associated matrix is [[non-singular matrix|non-singular]], and accordingly nondegenerate forms are also referred to as '''non-singular forms'''. These statements are independent of the chosen basis.
 
There is the closely related notion of a [[unimodular form]] and a [[perfect pairing]]; these agree over fields but not over general rings.
 
The most important examples of nondegenerate forms are [[inner product]]s and [[symplectic form]]s. Symmetric nondegenerate forms are important generalizations of inner products, in that often all that is required is that the map <math>V \to V^*</math> be an isomorphism, not positivity. For example, a manifold with an inner product structure on its tangent spaces is a [[Riemannian manifold]], while relaxing this to a symmetric nondegenerate form yields a [[pseudo-Riemannian manifold]].
 
==Infinite dimensions==
Note that in an infinite dimensional space, we can have a bilinear form ƒ for which <math>v \mapsto (x \mapsto f(x,v))</math> is [[injective]] but not [[surjective]]. For example, on the space of [[continuous function]]s on a closed bounded interval, the form
:<math> f(\phi,\psi) = \int\psi(x)\phi(x) dx</math>  
is not surjective: for instance, the [[Dirac delta functional]] is in the dual space but not of the required form. On the other hand, this bilinear form satisfies
:<math>f(\phi,\psi)=0\,</math> for all <math>\,\phi</math> implies that <math>\psi=0.\,</math>
 
==Terminology==
If ƒ vanishes identically on all vectors it is said to be ''' totally degenerate'''. Given any bilinear form ƒ on ''V'' the set of vectors
 
:<math>\{x\in V \mid f(x,y) = 0 \mbox{ for all } y \in V\}</math>
 
forms a totally degenerate [[linear subspace|subspace]] of ''V''. The map ƒ is nondegenerate [[if and only if]] this subspace is trivial.
 
Sometimes the words ''anisotropic'', ''isotropic'' and ''totally isotropic'' are used for nondegenerate, degenerate and totally degenerate respectively, although definitions of these latter words can vary slightly between authors.
 
Beware that a vector <math>x\in V</math> such that <math>f(x,x)=0</math> is called isotropic for the [[isotropic quadratic form|quadratic form]] associated with the bilinear form <math>f</math> and the existence of isotropic lines does not imply that the form is degenerate.
 
[[Category:Bilinear forms]]
 
[[pl:Forma dwuliniowa#Własności]]

Latest revision as of 03:25, 18 April 2014


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