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| '''Graph transformation''', or '''graph rewriting''', concerns the technique of creating a new [[graph (mathematics)|graph]] out of an original graph algorithmically. It has numerous applications, ranging from [[software engineering]] ([[software construction]] and also [[Formal verification|software verification]]) to layout [[algorithm]]s and picture generation.
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| Graph transformations can be used as a computation abstraction. The basic idea is that the state of a computation can be represented as a graph, further steps in that computation can then be represented as transformation rules on that graph. Such rules consist of an original graph, which is to be matched to a subgraph in the complete state, and a replacing graph, which will replace the matched subgraph.
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| Formally, a [[graph (mathematics)|graph]] [[rewriting]] system usually consists of a set of graph rewrite rules of the form <math>L \rightarrow R</math>, with <math>L</math> being called pattern graph (or left-hand side) and <math>R</math> being called replacement graph (or right-hand side of the rule). A graph rewrite rule is applied to the host graph by searching for an occurrence of the pattern graph ([[pattern matching]], thus solving the [[subgraph isomorphism problem]]) and by replacing the found occurrence by an instance of the replacement graph.
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| Sometimes '''graph grammar''' is used as a synonym for graph rewriting system, especially in the context of [[formal language]]s; the different wording is used to emphasize the goal of constructions like the enumeration all graphs from some starting graph, i.e. the generation of a graph language – instead of simply transforming a given state (host graph) into a new state.
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| ==Graph rewriting approaches==
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| There are several approaches to graph rewriting. One of them is the '''algebraic approach''', which is based upon [[category theory]]. The algebraic approach is divided into some sub approaches, the '''double-pushout (DPO) approach''' and the '''single-pushout (SPO) approach''' being the most common ones; further on there are the ''sesqui-pushout'' and the ''pullback'' approach''.
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| {{Main|Double pushout graph rewriting}}
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| From the perspective of the DPO approach a graph rewriting rule is a pair of [[morphism]]s in the category of graphs with ''total'' [[graph morphism]]s as arrows: <math>r = (L \leftarrow K \rightarrow R)</math> (or <math>L \supseteq K \subseteq R</math>) where <math>K \rightarrow L</math> is [[injective]]. The graph K is called ''invariant'' or sometimes the ''gluing graph''. A '''[[rewriting]] step''' or ''application'' of a rule r to a ''host graph'' G is defined by two [[pushout (category theory)|pushout]] diagrams both originating in the same [[morphism]] <math>k\colon K\rightarrow G</math> (this is where the name ''double''-pushout comes from). Another [[graph morphism]] <math>m\colon L\rightarrow G</math> models an occurrence of L in G and is called a '''[[Pattern matching|match]]'''. Practical understanding of this is that <math>L</math> is a subgraph that is matched from <math>G</math> (see [[subgraph isomorphism problem]]), and after a match is found, <math>L</math> is replaced with <math>R</math> in host graph <math>G</math> where <math>K</math> serves as an interface, containing the nodes and edges which are preserved when applying the rule. The graph <math>K</math> is needed to attach the pattern being matched to its context: if it is empty, the match can only designate a whole connected component of the graph <math>G</math>.
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| In contrast a graph rewriting rule of the SPO approach is a single [[morphism]] in the category [[labeled multigraph]]s with ''partial'' [[graph morphism]]s as arrows: <math>r\colon L\rightarrow R</math>. Thus a rewriting step is defined by a single [[Pushout (category theory)|pushout]] diagram. Practical understanding of this is similar to the DPO approach. The difference is, that there is no interface between the host graph G and the graph G' being the result of the rewriting step.
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| There is also another algebraic-like approach to graph rewriting, based mainly on Boolean algebra and an algebra of matrices, called '''matrix graph grammars'''.<ref>{{harvnb|Perez|2009}} covers this approach in detail.</ref><ref>This topic is expanded at [http://www.mat2gra.info/ mat2gra.info].</ref>
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| Yet another approach to graph rewriting, known as ''determinate'' graph rewriting, came out of [[logic]] and [[database theory]]. In this approach, graphs are treated as database instances, and rewriting operations as a mechanism for defining queries and views; therefore, all rewriting is required to yield unique results ([[up to isomorphism]]), and this is achieved by applying any rewriting rule concurrently throughout the graph, wherever it applies, in such a way that the result is indeed uniquely defined.
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| ==Term graph rewriting==
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| Another approach to graph rewriting is [[term graph]] rewriting, which involves the processing or transformation of [[term graph]]s (also known as ''abstract semantic graphs'') by a set of syntactic rewrite rules.
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| Term graphs are a prominent topic in programming language research since term graph rewriting rules are capable of formally expressing a compiler's [[operational semantics]]. Term graphs are also used as abstract machines capable of modelling chemical and biological computations as well as graphical calculi such as concurrency models. Term graphs can perform automated verification and logical programming since they are well-suited to representing quantified statements in first order logic. Symbolic programming software is another application for term graphs, which are capable of representing and performing computation with abstract algebraic structures such as groups, fields and rings.
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| The TERMGRAPH conference <ref>{{cite web |url=http://termgraph2013.imag.fr/ |title=TERMGRAPH 2013}}</ref> focuses entirely on research into term graph rewriting and its applications.
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| ==Implementations and applications==
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| [[Image:GraphRewriteExample.PNG|thumb|Example for graph rewrite rule (optimization from compiler construction: multiplication with 2 replaced by addition)]]
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| Graphs are an expressive, visual and mathematically precise formalism for modelling of objects (entities) linked by relations; objects are represented by nodes and relations between them by edges. Nodes and edges are commonly typed and attributed. Computations are described in this model by changes in the relations between the entities or by attribute changes of the graph elements. They are encoded in graph rewrite/graph transformation rules and executed by graph rewrite systems/graph transformation tools.
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| * Tools that are application domain neutral:
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| ** [[GrGen|GrGen.NET]], the graph rewrite generator, a graph transformation tool emitting [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]]-code or .NET-assemblies
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| ** [http://user.cs.tu-berlin.de/~gragra/agg AGG], the attributed graph grammar system ([[Java (programming language)|Java]])
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| ** [http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/plasma/wiki/index.php?title=GP_%28Graph_Programs%29 GP (Graph Programs)] is a programming language for computing on graphs by the directed application of graph transformation rules.
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| ** [http://homepages.laas.fr/khalil/GMTE/ GMTE], the Graph Matching and Transformation Engine for graph matching and transformation. It is an implementation of an extension of Messmer’s algorithm using [[C++]].
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| ** [http://groove.cs.utwente.nl/ GROOVE], a Java-based tool set for editing graphs and graph transformation rules, exploring the state spaces of graph grammars, and model checking those state spaces; can also be used as a graph transformation engine.
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| * Tools that solve [[software engineering]] tasks (mainly [[Model-driven architecture|MDA]]) with graph rewriting:
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| ** [[GReAT]]
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| ** [[VIATRA]]
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| ** [[Graph Database|Graph databases]] often support dynamic rewriting of graphs
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| ** [http://gremlin.tinkerpop.com Gremlin], a graph-based programming language (see [http://github.com/tinkerpop/gremlin/wiki/Graph-Rewriting Graph Rewriting])
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| ** [http://www.se.rwth-aachen.de/tikiwiki/tiki-index.php%3Fpage=Research%3A+Progres.html PROGRES], an integrated environment and very high level language for PROgrammed Graph REwriting Systems
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| ** [http://www.fujaba.de/ Fujaba] uses Story driven modelling, a graph rewrite language based on PROGRES
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| ** [http://www.emorf.org EMorF] and [http://www.eclipse.org/modeling/emft/henshin Henshin], graph rewriting systems based on [[Eclipse Modeling Framework|EMF]], supporting in-place [[model transformation]] and model to model transformation
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| * Mechanical engineering
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| ** [http://www.graphsynth.com GraphSynth] is an interpreter and UI environment for creating unrestricted graph grammars as well as testing and searching the resultant language variant. It saves graphs and graph grammar rules as [[XML]] files and is written in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]].
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| ** [http://www.booggie.org booggie] integrates [[GrGen|GrGen.NET]] with a port-based metamodel definition and an [[OpenGL]] graph visualization based on [[Tulip_(software)|Tulip]]
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| * Biology
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| ** [http://opus.kobv.de/btu/volltexte/2009/593/pdf/thesis.pdf Design and implementation of a graph grammar based language for functional-structural plant modeling] (other domains: graphics, architecture)
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| * Artificial Intelligence/Natural Language Processing
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| ** [[OpenCog]] provides a basic pattern matcher (on [[hypergraph]]s) which is used to implement various AI algorithms.
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| ** [http://wiki.opencog.org/w/RelEx RelEx] is an English-language parser that employs graph re-writing to convert a [[link grammar|link parse]] into a [[dependency grammar|dependency parse]].
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Category theory]]
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| *[[Graph theory]]
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| *[[Shape grammar]]
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| *[[Term graph]]
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| ==Notes==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==References==
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| *{{citation|first=Grzegorz|last=Rozenberg|title=Handbook of Graph Grammars and Computing by Graph Transformations|publisher=World Scientific Publishing, volumes 1–3|year=1997|isbn=9810228848|url=http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/gg/handbook1997.html}}.
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| *{{citation|first=P.P.|last=Perez|title=Matrix Graph Grammars: An Algebraic Approach to Graph Dynamics|publisher= [[VDM Verlag]]|year=2009|isbn=978-3-639-21255-6}}.
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| * Heckel, R. (2006). ''Graph transformation in a nutshell''. [http://www.elsevier.com/locate/entcs Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science] 148 (1 SPEC. ISS.), pp. 187–198.
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| * König, Barbara (December 2004). ''Analysis and Verification of Systems with Dynamically Evolving Structure''. [http://www.fmi.uni-stuttgart.de/szs/publications/koenigba/habilschrift.pdf Habilitation thesis, Universität Stuttgart], pp. 65–180.
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| [[Category:Graph rewriting]]
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The author is called Irwin Wunder but it's not the most masucline name out there. My family members lives in Minnesota and my family loves it. Managing people has been his day job for a whilst. One of the very best things in the world for me is to do aerobics and I've been doing it for fairly a while.
My web page: at home std test