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| [[Image:E6b-front.jpg|thumb|The front of a metal E6B.]][[Image:StudentE6BFlightComputer.jpg|thumb|An E6B flight computer commonly used by student pilots.]]The '''E6B''' [[Flight Computer]], or simply the "whiz wheel", is a form of circular [[slide rule]] used in [[aviation]].
| | It can be very tough to stay with the stigma of psychological well being. Simply the stigma alone can cause more anxiety for somebody with mental heath issues. Psychological Health is getting more constructive in acceptance points and understanding in recent times. However the stigma nonetheless exists. This stigma can prevent many people from looking for help.<br><br><br><br>These interventions are likely to be useful for patients experiencing chest pain as a part of their panic assaults, though such treatments will not be effectively studied on this particular inhabitants. Two preliminary research of benzodiazepines in sufferers with PD and chest ache have shown promise. In an open-label, versatile-dose trial, Beitman and associates a hundred and ten administered alprazolam for eight weeks to 10 cardiology patients with chest ache, normal coronary arteries, and PD. Alprazolam decreased the speed of each chest ache and panic assaults significantly on this population, as 7 of 8 individuals who completed the trial had 50% or larger reduction of their panic assault frequency.<br><br>Generally, nervousness could also be brought about by genetic factors. As an illustration, if one's parent had anxiety problems, then one's possibilities of depicting nervousness problems are additionally heightened. Genetic components can clarify the reason why equivalent twins posses this trait each on the similar detox diet time. The truth is, equivalent twins account for some weight loss of the highest circumstances of household associated anxiousness disorders. (Maisel, 2003) Anybody\'s life will be hectic, especially should you discover it exhausting to leave the security of your own home. It\'s one factor beginning your day with just a few minor setbacks, however if you endure from Agoraphobia, then you will expertise feelings of intense panic just at the considered leaving your house and going open air. Are You Stopping Yourself From Being Anxiousness Free?<br><br>Have you learnt the best way to stop a panic assault in its tracks? This text will enable you build your very personal 'The right way to Cease a Panic Attack Plan'. Utilizing this plan you will be able cease a panic attack in its tracks or not less than decrease its severity. A should read for anybody that suffers from panic or nervousness disorder Panic assaults complicate one's life when it is hard to function in their job, social, or household roles. If the panic attacks aren't handled they'll hold taking place or lead to a psychological sickness. Potentialities include phobias, despair, social problems, work or faculty problems, financial problems or substance abuse. It will possibly even lead to doable suicide. In these ways anxiety affects high quality of life. How can I inform if I've an anxiety dysfunction? SIGNS<br><br>Because the autoregulation of cerebral blood move is disturbed, a fast and marked decrease in blood stress is most certainly to cause mind ischemia. Treatment ought to be began with i.v. preparations (steady i.v. infusion). The speed of decrease in blood strain must be adjusted by monitoring blood pressure and neurological symptoms. Therapy needs to be conducted to achieve an roughly 25 % decrease in blood stress over the primary 2–3 h. Nicardipine, diltiazem and nitroprusside can be used. If a rise in extracellular fluid is noticed, or resistance has developed, furosemide ought to be used concomitantly. Hydralazine, which increases the intracranial pressure, must be averted. d. Cerebrovascular illness<br><br>For more information regarding how to lose weight fast review our web page. |
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| They are mostly used in [[flight training]], because these flight computers have been replaced with electronic planning tools or software and websites that make these calculations for the pilots. These flight computers are used during flight planning (on the ground before takeoff) to aid in calculating fuel burn, wind correction, time en route, and other items. In the air, the flight computer can be used to calculate ground speed, estimated fuel burn and updated estimated time of arrival. The back is designed for wind correction calculations, ''i.e.'', determining how much the wind is affecting one's speed and course. See [[wind triangle]] and [[dead reckoning]].
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| ==Construction==
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| They are usually made out of cardboard and plastic, or aluminum and plastic, with lettering and markings either printed or engraved into the metal. Pivots of metal models (metal with plastic grommet) will wear out the plastic grommet prematurely, causing the wheels to spin freely. This is not beneficial when computing while flying. The cardboard models (except when becoming wet) will outlast the metal versions for most people, and will not develop the "free wheel" even after years of use.
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| Electronic versions are also produced, resembling [[calculator]]s, rather than manual slide rules. Aviation remains one of the few places that the slide rule still is in widespread use. Manual E6Bs/CRP-1s remain popular with some users and in some environments rather than the electronic ones because they are lighter, smaller, less prone to break, easy to use one-handed, quicker, and do not require electrical power.
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| In flight training for a private pilot or instrument rating mechanical flight computers are still often used to teach the fundamental computations. This is in part also due to the complex nature of some trigonometric calculations which would be comparably difficult to perform on a conventional scientific calculator. The graphic nature of the flight computer also helps catching many errors which in part explains their continued popularity. The ease of use of electronic calculators means typical flight training literature<ref name="pratt">{{Cite book
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| | last = Pratt
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| | first = Jeremy M.
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| | title = The Private Pilots License Course: Navigation & Meteorology
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| | publisher = Airplan Flight Equipment Ltd
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| | year = 2003
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| | url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=99O7AAAACAAJ
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| | isbn = 978-1874783183
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| | accessdate = 2014-01-21 }}</ref>
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| does not cover the use of calculators or computers at all. In the ground exams for numerous pilot ratings, programmable calculators or calculators containing flight planning software are permitted to be used.<ref>[http://www.caa.co.uk/application.aspx?catid=33&pagetype=65&appid=11&mode=detail&id=1203 Provision and Conduct of Ground Examinations for the Private Pilot Licence Aeroplanes & Helicopters]</ref>
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| Many [[airspeed indicator]] (ASI) instruments have a movable ring built into the face of the instrument that is essentially a subset of the flight computer. Just like on the flight computer, the ring is aligned with the air temperature and the pressure altitude, allowing the [[true airspeed]] (TAS) to be read at the needle.
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| In addition, computer programs to emulate the flight computer functions are also available, both for computers and smartphones.
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| ==Calculations==
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| Instructions for ratio calculations and wind problems are printed on either side of the computer for reference and are also found in a booklet sold with the computer. Also, many computers have Fahrenheit to Celsius conversion charts and various reference tables.
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| The front side of the flight computer is a logarithmic slide rule that performs multiplication and division. Throughout the wheel, unit names are marked (such as gallons, miles, kilometers, pounds, minutes, seconds, etc.) at locations that correspond to the constants that are used when going from one unit to another in various calculations. Once the wheel is positioned to represent a certain fixed ratio (for example, pounds of fuel per hour), the rest of the wheel can be consulted to utilize that same ratio in a problem (for example, how many pounds of fuel for a 2.5-hour cruise?) This is one area where the E6B and CRP-1 are different. Since the CRP-1s are made for the UK market, they can be used to perform the added conversions of Imperial to Metric units.
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| The wheel on the back of the calculator is used for calculating the [[wind triangle|effects of wind]] on [[cruise flight]]. A typical calculation done by this wheel answers the question: "If I want to fly on course A at a speed of B, but I encounter wind coming from direction C at a speed of D, then how many degrees must I adjust my heading, and what will my ground speed be?" This part of the calculator consists of a rotatable semi-transparent wheel with a hole in the middle, and a slide on which a grid is printed, that moves up and down underneath the wheel. The grid is visible through the transparent part of the wheel.
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| To solve this problem with a flight computer, first the wheel is turned so the wind direction (C) is at the top of the wheel. Then a pencil mark is made just above the hole, at a distance representing the wind speed (D) away from the hole. After the mark is made, the wheel is turned so that the course (A) is now selected at the top of the wheel. The ruler then is slid so that the pencil mark is aligned with the true airspeed (B) seen through the transparent part of the wheel. The wind correction angle is determined by matching how far right or left the pencil mark is from the hole, to the wind correction angle portion of the slide's grid. The true ground speed is determined by matching the center hole to the speed portion of the grid.
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| The mathematical formulas that equate to the results of the flight computer wind calculator are as follows:
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| (desired course is ''d'', ground speed is ''V<sub>g</sub>'', heading is ''a'', true airspeed is ''V<sub>a</sub>'', wind direction is ''w'', wind speed is ''V<sub>w</sub>''. ''d'', ''a'' and ''w'' are angles. ''V<sub>g</sub>'', ''V<sub>a</sub>'' and ''V<sub>w</sub>'' are consistent units of speed. <math>\pi</math> is 22/7)
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| Wind Correction Angle:
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| ::<math>\Delta a=\sin^{-1}\left(\frac {V_w\sin(w-d)}{V_a}\right)</math>
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| True ground speed:
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| ::<math>V_g=\sqrt{V_a^2+V_w^2-2V_aV_w\cos(d - w+\Delta a)}</math>
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| Wind Correction Angle, in degrees, as it might be programmed into a computer (which includes conversion of degrees to radians and back):
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| ::<math>\Delta a=\frac{180\deg}{\pi}\sin^{-1}\left(\frac{V_w}{V_a}\sin\left(\frac{\pi(w-d)}{180\deg}\right)\right)</math>
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| True ground speed is calculated as:
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| ::<math>V_g=\sqrt{ V_a^2 + V_w^2 - 2V_aV_w\cos\left(\frac{\pi(d-w+\Delta a)}{180\deg}\right) }</math>
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| ==History of the E-6B==
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| [[Image:E6b-slide-rule.id.jpg|thumb|left|240px|Closeup photo of a metal E6B.]]
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| The device's original name is E-6B, but is often abbreviated as E6B, or hyphenated in other variations for commercial purposes. | |
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| The E-6B was developed in the [[United States]] by Naval Lt. [[Philip Dalton]] (1903–1941) in the late 1930s. The name comes from its original part number for the [[United States Army Air Corps|U.S Army Air Corps]] in [[World War II]].
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| Philip Dalton was a [[Cornell University]] graduate who joined the [[United States Army]] as an artillery officer, but soon resigned and became a [[United States Naval Reserve|Naval Reserve]] pilot from 1931 until he died in a plane crash with a student practicing spins. He, with [[P. V. H. Weems]], invented, patented and marketed a series of flight computers.
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| Dalton's first popular computer was his 1933 Model B, the circular slide rule with True Airspeed (TAS) and Altitude corrections pilots know so well. In 1936 he put a double-drift diagram on its reverse to create what the U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC) designated as the E-1, E-1A and E-1B.
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| A couple of years later he invented the Mark VII, again using his Model B slide rule as a focal point. It was hugely popular with both the military and the airlines. Even [[Amelia Earhart]]'s navigator [[Fred Noonan]] used one on their last flight. Dalton felt that it was a rushed design, and wanted to create something more accurate, easier to use, and able to handle higher flight speeds. [[Image:E6bcardboard.JPG|thumb|right|240px|Closeup photo of a cardboard E6B.]]
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| So he came up with his now famous wind arc slide, but printed on an endless cloth belt moved inside a square box by a knob. He applied for a patent in 1936 (granted in 1937 as 2,097,116). This was for the Model C, D and G computers widely used in World War II by the British Commonwealth (as the "Dalton Dead Reckoning Computer"), the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]], copied by the Japanese, and improved on by the Germans, through [[Siegfried Knemeyer]]'s invention of the disc-type ''Dreieckrechner'' device, somewhat similar to the eventual E6B's backside [[compass rose]] dial in general appearance, but having the compass rose on the front instead for real-time calculations of the wind triangle at anytime while in flight. These are commonly available on collectible auction web sites.
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| The U.S. Army Air Corps decided the endless belt computer cost too much to manufacture, so later in 1937 Dalton morphed it to a simple, rigid, flat wind slide, with his old Model B circular slide rule included on the reverse. He called this prototype his Model H; the Army called it the E-6A. | |
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| In 1938 the Army wrote formal specifications, and had him make a few changes, which Weems called the Model J. The changes included moving the "10" mark to the top instead of the original "60". This "E-6B" was introduced to the Army in 1940, but it took [[Pearl Harbor]] for the [[United States Army Air Forces|Army Air Forces]] (as the former "Army Air Corps" was renamed on June 20, 1941) to place a large order. Over 400,000 E-6Bs were manufactured during World War II, mostly of a plastic that glows under [[black light]]. (Cockpits were illuminated this way at night.)
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| The base name "E-6" was fairly arbitrary, as there were no standards for stock numbering at the time. For example, other USAAC computers of that time were the C-2, D-2, D-4, E-1 and G-1, and flight pants became E-1s as well. Most likely they chose "E" because Dalton's previously combined time and wind computer had been the E-1. The "B" simply meant it was the production model.
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| The designation "E-6B" was officially marked on the device only for a couple of years. By 1943 the Army and Navy changed the marking to their joint standard, the AN-C-74 (Army/Navy Computer 74). A year or so later it was changed to AN-5835, and then to AN-5834 (1948). The [[United States Air Force|USAF]] called later updates the MB-4 (1953) and the CPU-26 (1958), but navigators and most instruction manuals continued using the original E-6B name. Many just called it the "Dalton Dead Reckoning Computer", one of its original markings.[[Image:6B - 345 Air Speed Calculator, military (frontside).jpg|thumb|left|120px|Frontside of the military 6B/345]]
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| [[Image:6B - 345 Air Speed Calculator, military (backside).jpg|thumb|right|120px|Backside of the military 6B/345]]
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| After Dalton's death, Weems<ref>[http://www.weems-plath.com/weems-and-plath-story.php weems-plath.com]</ref> updated the E-6B and tried calling it the E-6C, E-10, and so forth, but finally fell back on the original name, which was so well known by 50,000 World War II Army Air Force navigator veterans. After the patent ran out, many manufacturers made copies, sometimes using a marketing name of "E6-B" (note the moved hyphen).
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| An aluminium version was made by the London Name Plate Mfg. Co. Ltd. of London and Brighton and was marked "Computer Dead Reckoning Mk. 4A Ref. No. 6B/2645" followed by the arrowhead of UK military stores.
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| During World War II and into the early 1950s, The London Name Plate Mfg. Co. Ltd. produced a "Height & True Airspeed Computer Mk. IV" with the model reference "6B/345". The tool provided for calculation of the True Air Speed on the front side and Time-Speed calculations in relation to the altitude on the backside. They were still in use throughout the 1960s and 1970s in several European Air Forces, such as the German Air Force, until modern avionics made them obsolete.
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| ==References in popular culture==
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| *"My eyes are dim I cannot see, I have not got my E-6B with me, over the Valley of the Ruhr". (World War II USAAC ditty)
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| *"His computer is the instrument on which he stakes his life ... Don’t ask for his computer, for he’d sooner lend his wife". (Navigator's Song, 1943)
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| *In ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' episode "[[The Naked Time]]", [[Spock|Mr. Spock]] uses an E-6B to calculate the time of impact of the ''[[USS Enterprise (NCC-1701)|Enterprise]]'' with a planet. In the episodes "[[Mudd's Women]]" and "[[Who Mourns for Adonais?]]", he is again seen holding an E-6B.
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Wind triangle]]
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| *[[Siegfried Knemeyer]], inventor of the similar, contemporary ''Dreieckrechner'' flight calculator
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| == External links ==
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| *[http://www.vandeenensupport.com/projects-en/rs/index.html Online E6B simulator] This simulator shows W/V, TH/TAS, TT/GS and WCA values. Requires Java plugin.
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| *[http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~sanchom/flight-computer Online E6B Java applet]
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| *[http://www.bkyoung.com/e6b Online E6B Java applet/application; Displays solutions to valid parameters]
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| *[http://www.stefanv.com/aviation/flight_computers.html A Tale of Two Whiz Wheels: E6-B versus CR Wind Solutions]
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| *[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1938/1938%20-%200308.html 1938 article]
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:E6b}}
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| *[http://www.av8.eu/ Free downloadable E6B] Free E6B flight computer. Requires Java.
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| *[http://mye6b.com/e6b.html Free web based E6B aviation calculator] Free web based E6B aviation calculator.
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| [[Category:Flight computers]]
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It can be very tough to stay with the stigma of psychological well being. Simply the stigma alone can cause more anxiety for somebody with mental heath issues. Psychological Health is getting more constructive in acceptance points and understanding in recent times. However the stigma nonetheless exists. This stigma can prevent many people from looking for help.
These interventions are likely to be useful for patients experiencing chest pain as a part of their panic assaults, though such treatments will not be effectively studied on this particular inhabitants. Two preliminary research of benzodiazepines in sufferers with PD and chest ache have shown promise. In an open-label, versatile-dose trial, Beitman and associates a hundred and ten administered alprazolam for eight weeks to 10 cardiology patients with chest ache, normal coronary arteries, and PD. Alprazolam decreased the speed of each chest ache and panic assaults significantly on this population, as 7 of 8 individuals who completed the trial had 50% or larger reduction of their panic assault frequency.
Generally, nervousness could also be brought about by genetic factors. As an illustration, if one's parent had anxiety problems, then one's possibilities of depicting nervousness problems are additionally heightened. Genetic components can clarify the reason why equivalent twins posses this trait each on the similar detox diet time. The truth is, equivalent twins account for some weight loss of the highest circumstances of household associated anxiousness disorders. (Maisel, 2003) Anybody\'s life will be hectic, especially should you discover it exhausting to leave the security of your own home. It\'s one factor beginning your day with just a few minor setbacks, however if you endure from Agoraphobia, then you will expertise feelings of intense panic just at the considered leaving your house and going open air. Are You Stopping Yourself From Being Anxiousness Free?
Have you learnt the best way to stop a panic assault in its tracks? This text will enable you build your very personal 'The right way to Cease a Panic Attack Plan'. Utilizing this plan you will be able cease a panic attack in its tracks or not less than decrease its severity. A should read for anybody that suffers from panic or nervousness disorder Panic assaults complicate one's life when it is hard to function in their job, social, or household roles. If the panic attacks aren't handled they'll hold taking place or lead to a psychological sickness. Potentialities include phobias, despair, social problems, work or faculty problems, financial problems or substance abuse. It will possibly even lead to doable suicide. In these ways anxiety affects high quality of life. How can I inform if I've an anxiety dysfunction? SIGNS
Because the autoregulation of cerebral blood move is disturbed, a fast and marked decrease in blood stress is most certainly to cause mind ischemia. Treatment ought to be began with i.v. preparations (steady i.v. infusion). The speed of decrease in blood strain must be adjusted by monitoring blood pressure and neurological symptoms. Therapy needs to be conducted to achieve an roughly 25 % decrease in blood stress over the primary 2–3 h. Nicardipine, diltiazem and nitroprusside can be used. If a rise in extracellular fluid is noticed, or resistance has developed, furosemide ought to be used concomitantly. Hydralazine, which increases the intracranial pressure, must be averted. d. Cerebrovascular illness
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