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| [[Special relativity]] is a [[physical theory]] that plays a fundamental role in the description of all physical phenomena, as long as [[gravitation]] is not significant. Many experiments played (and still play) an important role in its development and justification. The strength of the theory lies in its unique ability to correctly predict to high precision the outcome of an extremely diverse range of experiments. Repeats of many of those experiments are still being conducted with steadily increased precision, with modern experiments focusing on effects such as at the [[Planck scale]] and in the [[neutrino]] sector. Their results are consistent with the predictions of special relativity. Collections of various tests were given by [[Jakob Laub]],<ref name=laub /> Zhang,<ref name=zhang /> Mattingly,<ref name=mattingly /> [[Clifford Will]],<ref name=will /> and Roberts/Schleif.<ref name=faq />
| | == then the manifold temple opens. == |
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| Special relativity is restricted to [[Minkowski space|flat spacetime]], ''i.e.'', to all phenomena without significant influence of [[gravitation]]. The latter lies in the domain of [[general relativity]] and the corresponding [[tests of general relativity]] must be considered.
| | After all, only deepening the inner field, that temper of the will of arrival, the fear you have hundreds of thousands of years to come.<br><br>a come back, they take a long time.<br><br>much less time to reach the 'cosmic strongest will' spend a ...... pass demons column can save time, Feng Luo's [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_136.html ルイヴィトン フランス] natural first choice.<br><br>'original star greatest treasures in [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_63.html ルイヴィトン バッグ 人気] the temple that discrimination, there must be the pinnacle of the temple discrimination class field at this level treasure many parts.' Luo Feng must make a decision [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_102.html ルイヴィトン中古通販] that he was [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_71.html ルイヴィトンの財布] supported [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_102.html タイガ ルイヴィトン] by a manifold mirror stone, are eligible to enter . May not necessarily have time to themselves arrived, after all, once the 36 manifold Kagamiishi all out, then the manifold temple opens.<br><br>has manifold mirror to enter the stone.<br><br>Temple open manifold if he was in that office through demons column, and so on back to their own, have [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_33.html ルイヴィトン 財布 一覧] hundreds of thousands of years. I am [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_128.html ルイヴィトンルイヴィトン] afraid that the fight [http://www.nrcil.net/fancybox/lib/rakuten_LV_9.html ルイヴィトン バッグ 通販] discrimination Temple treasures all over!<br><br>'manifold mirror stone, I put the kingdom of God.' |
| | | 相关的主题文章： |
| == Experiments paving the way to relativity ==
| | <ul> |
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| The predominant theory of light in the 19th century was that of the [[luminiferous aether]], a ''stationary'' medium in which light propagates in a manner analogous to the way [[sound]] propagates through air. By analogy, it follows that the [[speed of light]] is constant in all directions in the aether and is independent of the velocity of the source. Thus an observer moving relative to the aether must measure some sort of "aether wind" even as an observer moving relative to air measures an [[apparent wind]].
| | <li>[http://116.254.222.128/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1525392 http://116.254.222.128/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1525392]</li> |
| | | |
| ===First-order experiments===
| | <li>[http://www.520jbh.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=115952 http://www.520jbh.cn/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=115952]</li> |
| {{Main|Luminiferous aether#First order experiments}}
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| [[File:Fizeau-Mascart2.png|thumb|right|[[Fizeau experiment]], 1851]]
| | <li>[http://greenuc.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=95614 http://greenuc.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=95614]</li> |
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| Beginning with the work of [[François Arago]] (1810), a series of optical experiments had been conducted, which should have given a positive result for magnitudes to first order in ''v/c'' and which thus should have demonstrated the relative motion of the aether. Yet the results were negative. An explanation was provided by [[Augustin Fresnel]] (1818) with the introduction of an auxiliary hypothesis, the so called "dragging coefficient", that is, matter is dragging the aether to a small extent. This coefficient was directly demonstrated by the [[Fizeau experiment]] (1851). It was later shown that all first-order optical experiments must give a negative result due to this coefficient. In addition, also some electrostatic first order experiments were conducted, again having a negative results. In general, [[Hendrik Lorentz]] (1892, 1895) introduced several new auxiliary variables for moving observers, demonstrating why all first-order optical and electrostatic experiments have produced null results. For example, Lorentz proposed a location-variable by which electrostatic fields contract in the line of motion and another variable ("local time") by which the time coordinates for moving observers depend on their current location. <ref name=laub />
| | </ul> |
| | |
| ===Second-order experiments===
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| {{Main|Luminiferous aether#Second order experiments}}
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| [[File:Michelson-Morley experiment conducted with white light.png|thumb|Michelson-Morley interferometer]]
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| The stationary aether theory, however, would give positive results when the experiments are precise enough to measure magnitudes of second order in ''v/c''. The first experiment of this kind was the [[Michelson–Morley experiment]] (1881, 1887) where two rays of light, traveling for some time in different directions were brought to interfere, so that different orientations relative to the aether wind should lead to a displacement of the [[interference fringe]]s. But the result was negative again. The only way out of this dilemma was the proposal by [[George Francis FitzGerald]] (1889) and Lorentz (1892) that matter is contracted in the line of motion with respect to the aether ([[length contraction]]). That is, the older hypothesis of a contraction of electrostatic fields was extended to intermolecular forces. However, since there was no theoretical reason for that, the contraction hypothesis was considered [[ad hoc]].
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| Besides the optical Michelson–Morley experiment, its electrodynamic equivalent was also conducted, the [[Trouton–Noble experiment]]. By that it should be demonstrated that a moving condenser must be subjected to a [[torque]]. In addition, the [[Experiments of Rayleigh and Brace]] intended to measure some consequences of length contraction in the laboratory frame, for example the assumption that it would lead to [[birefringence]]. Though all of those experiments led to negative results. (The [[Trouton–Rankine experiment]] conducted in 1908 also gave a negative result when measuring the influence of length contraction on a [[coil]].)<ref name=laub />
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| To explain all experiments conducted before 1904, Lorentz was forced to again expand his theory by introducing the complete [[Lorentz transformation]]. [[Henri Poincaré]] declared in 1905 that the impossibility of demonstrating absolute motion ([[principle of relativity]]) is apparently a law of nature.
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| ===Refutations of complete aether drag===
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| {{Main|Aether drag hypothesis}}
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| [[File:Lodge's ether machine DE.svg|thumb|200px|Lodge's ether machine. The steel disks were one yard in diameter. White light was split by a beam splitter and ran three times around the apparatus before reuniting to form fringes.]]
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| The idea that the aether might be completely dragged within or in the vicinity of earth, by which the negative aether drift experiments could be explained, was refuted by a variety of experiments.
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| *[[Oliver Lodge]] (1893) found that rapidly whirling steel disks above and below a sensitive [[common path interferometer|common path interferometric arrangement]] failed to produce a measurable fringe shift.
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| *[[Hammar experiment|Gustaf Hammar]] (1935) failed to find any evidence for aether dragging using a common path interferometer, one arm of which was enclosed by a thick-walled pipe plugged with lead, while the other arm was free.
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| *The [[Sagnac effect]] showed that the velocity of two light rays is unaffected by the rotation of the platform.
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| *The existence of the [[aberration of light]] was inconsistent with aether drag hypothesis.
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| *The assumption that aether drag is proportional to mass and thus only occurs with respect to Earth as a whole was refuted by the [[Michelson–Gale–Pearson experiment]], which demonstrated the Sagnac effect through Earth's motion.
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| Lodge expressed the paradoxical situation in which physicists found themselves as follows: "...at no practicable speed does ... matter [have] any appreciable viscous grip upon the ether. Atoms ''must'' be able to throw it into vibration, if they are oscillating or revolving at sufficient speed; otherwise they would not emit light or any kind of radiation; but in no case do they appear to drag it along, or to meet with resistance in any uniform motion through it."<ref name=Lodge1909>{{cite book|last=Lodge|first=Oliver, Sir|title=The Ether of Space|year=1909|publisher=Harper and Brothers|location=New York|url=http://archive.org/details/etherofspace00lodguoft}}</ref>
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| ==Special relativity==
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| === Overview ===
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| Eventually, [[Albert Einstein]] (1905) drew the conclusion that established theories and facts known at that time only form a logical coherent system when the concepts of space and time are subjected to a fundamental revision. For instance:
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| *Maxwell-Lorentz's electrodynamics (independence of the speed of light from the speed of the source),
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| *the negative aether drift experiments (no preferred reference frame),
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| *[[Moving magnet and conductor problem]] (only relative motion is relevant),
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| *the [[Fizeau experiment]] and the [[aberration of light]] (both implying modified velocity addition and no complete aether drag).
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| The result is [[special relativity]] theory, which is based on the constancy of the speed of light in all [[inertial frame of reference|inertial frames of reference]] and the [[principle of relativity]]. Here, the Lorentz transformation is no longer a mere collection of auxiliary hypotheses but reflects a fundamental [[Lorentz symmetry]] and forms the basis of successful theories such as [[Quantum electrodynamics]]. Special relativity offers a large number of testable predictions, such as:<ref name=laem />
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| {| class=wikitable
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| !Principle of relativity||Constancy of the speed of light||[[Time dilation]]
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| |-
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| |Any uniformly moving observer in an inertial frame cannot determine his "absolute" state of motion by a co-moving experimental arrangement.
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| |In all inertial frames the measured speed of light is equal in all directions ([[isotropy]]), independent of the speed of the source, and cannot be reached by [[mass]]ive bodies.
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| |The rate of a clock C (= any periodic process) traveling between two synchronized clocks A and B at rest in an inertial frame is retarded with respect to the two clocks.
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| |-
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| |colspan=3|Also other relativistic effects such as [[length contraction]], [[Doppler effect]], [[Relativistic aberration|aberration]] and the experimental predictions of relativistic theories such as the [[Standard Model]] can be measured.
| |
| |}
| |
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| === Fundamental experiments ===
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| [[File:Kennedy-Thorndike experiment DE.svg|thumb|250px|The Kennedy–Thorndike experiment]]
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| The effects of special relativity can phenomenologically be derived from the following three fundamental experiments:<ref name=rob />
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| *[[Michelson–Morley experiment]], by which the dependence of the speed of light on the ''direction'' of the measuring device can be tested. It establishes the relation between longitudinal and transverse lengths of moving bodies.
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| *[[Kennedy–Thorndike experiment]], by which the dependence of the speed of light on the ''velocity'' of the measuring device can be tested. It establishes the relation between longitudinal lengths and the duration of time of moving bodies.
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| *[[Ives–Stilwell experiment]], by which [[time dilation]] can be directly tested.
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| From these three experiments and by using the Poincaré-[[Einstein synchronization]], the complete Lorentz transformation follows, with <math>\gamma=1/\sqrt{1-v^{2}/c^{2}}</math> being the [[Lorentz factor]]:<ref name=rob />
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| :<math>x'=\gamma(x-vt),\ y'=y,\ z'=z,\ t'=\gamma\left(t-\frac{vx}{c^{2}}\right)</math>
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| Besides the derivation of the Lorentz transformation, the combination of these experiments is also important because they can be interpreted in different ways when viewed individually. For example, isotropy experiments such as Michelson-Morley can be seen as a simple consequence of the relativity principle, according to which any inertially moving observer can consider himself as at rest. Therefore, by itself, the MM experiment is compatible to Galilean-invariant theories like [[emission theory]] or the [[Aether drag hypothesis#Complete aether dragging|complete aether drag hypothesis]], which also contain some sort of relativity principle. However, when other experiments that exclude the Galilean-invariant theories are considered (''i.e.'' the Ives–Stilwell experiment, [[Emission theory#Refutations of emission theory|various refutations of emission theories]] and [[Aether drag hypothesis#Complete aether dragging|refutations of complete aether dragging]]), Lorentz-invariant theories and thus special relativity are the only theories that remain viable.
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| ===Constancy of the speed of light===
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| ==== Interferometers, resonators ====
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| [[File:MMX with optical resonators.svg|thumb|250px |Michelson-Morley experiment with cryogenic optical resonators of a form such as was used by Müller ''et al.'' (2003), see [[Michelson–Morley experiment#Recent optical resonator experiments|Recent optical resonator experiments]] ]]
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| {{See also|Michelson–Morley experiment#Recent optical resonator experiments|l1=Recent Michelson-Morley experiments|Kennedy–Thorndike experiment#Recent experiments|l2=Recent Kennedy–Thorndike experiments}}
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| Modern variants of Michelson-Morley and [[Kennedy–Thorndike experiment]]s have been conducted in order to test the [[isotropy]] of the speed of light. Contrary to Michelson-Morley, the Kennedy-Thorndike experiments employ different arm lengths, and the evaluations last several months. In that way, the influence of different velocities during Earth's orbit around the sun can be observed. [[Laser]], [[maser]] and [[optical resonator]]s are used, reducing the possibility of any anisotropy of the speed of light to the 10<sup>−17</sup> level. In addition to terrestrial tests, [[Lunar Laser Ranging Experiment]]s have also been conducted as a variation of the Kennedy-Thorndike-experiment.<ref name=will />
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| Another type of isotropy experiments are the [[Ives–Stilwell experiment#Moessbauer rotor experiments|Moessbauer rotor experiments]] in the 1960s, by which the anisotropy of the Doppler effect on a rotating disc can be observed by using the [[Moessbauer effect]] (those experiments can also utilized to measure time dilation, see below).
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| ====No dependence on source velocity or energy====
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| [[File:SitterKonstanz.png|thumb|de Sitter's [[double star]] argument]] | |
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| [[Emission theory|Emission theories]], according to which the speed of light depends on the velocity of the source, can conceivably explain the negative outcome of aether drift experiments. However, a series of experiments have definitely ruled out this class of model. For example, the Alväger–Experiment demonstrated that photons didn't acquire the speed of the high speed decaying mesons which were their source; the [[Sagnac effect|Sagnac experiment]] showed that light rays move independently of the velocity of the rotating apparatus; the [[de Sitter double star experiment]] showed that stellar orbits don't appear scrambled due to different propagation times of light.
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| Observations of [[Gamma-ray burst]]s also demonstrated that the speed of light is independent of the frequency and energy of the light rays.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fermi LAT Collaboration|title=A limit on the variation of the speed of light arising from quantum gravity effects|journal=Nature|volume=462|issue=7271 |year=2009|pages=331–334|doi=10.1038/nature08574|arxiv=0908.1832|pmid=19865083|bibcode = 2009Natur.462..331A }}</ref>
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| ====One-way speed of light====
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| {{Main|One-way speed of light}}
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| A series of one-way measurements were undertaken, all of them confirming the isotropy of the speed of light.<ref name=faq /> However, it should be noted that only the two-way speed of light (from A to B back to A) can unambiguously be measured, since the one-way speed depends on the definition of simultaneity and therefore on the method of synchronization. The Poincaré-[[Einstein synchronization]] convention makes the one-way speed equal to the two-way speed. However, there are many models having isotropic two-way speed of light, in which the one-way speed is anisotropic by choosing different synchronization schemes. They are experimentally equivalent to special relativity because all of these models include effects like time dilation of moving clocks, that compensate any measurable anisotropy. However, of all models having isotropic two-way speed, only special relativity is acceptable for the overwhelming majority of physicists since all other synchronizations are much more complicated, and those other models (such as [[Lorentz ether theory]]) are based on extreme and implausible assumptions concerning some dynamical effects, which are aimed at hiding the "preferred frame" from observation.
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| === Isotropy of mass, energy, and space ===
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| [[File:Lithium-7-NMR spectrum of LiCl (1M) in D2O.gif|thumb|200px|<sup>7</sup>Li-NMR spectrum of LiCl (1M) in D<sub>2</sub>O. The sharp, unsplit NMR line of this isotope of lithium is evidence for the isotropy of mass and space.]]
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| {{See also|Hughes–Drever experiment}}
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| Clock-comparison experiments (because periodic processes and frequencies can be considered as clocks) such as the [[Hughes–Drever experiment]]s provide stringent tests of [[Lorentz invariance]]. They are not restricted to the photon sector as Michelson-Morley but directly determine any anisotropy of mass, energy, or space by measuring the ground state of [[Atomic nucleus|nuclei]]. Upper limit of such anisotropies of 10<sup>−33</sup> [[GeV]] have been provided. Thus these experiments are among the most precise verifications of Lorentz invariance ever conducted.<ref name=mattingly /><ref name=will />
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| ===Time dilation and Length contraction===
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| [[File:Ives-Stilwell experiment.svg|thumb|250px|Ives–Stilwell experiment (1938).)]]
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| {{Main|Time dilation#Experimental confirmation|Ives–Stilwell experiment|Time dilation of moving particles|Length contraction#Experimental verifications|l1=Confirmations of time dilation|l4=Confirmations of length contraction}}
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| The [[transverse Doppler effect]] and consequently time dilation was directly observed for the first time in the [[Ives–Stilwell experiment]] (1938). In [[Ives–Stilwell experiment#Modern experiments|modern Ives-Stilwell experiments]] in heavy ion [[storage ring]]s using [[saturated spectroscopy]], the maximum measured deviation of time dilation from the relativistic prediction has been limited to ≤ 10<sup>−8</sup>. Other confirmations of time dilation include [[Ives–Stilwell experiment#Mössbauer rotor experiments|Mössbauer rotor experiments]] in which [[gamma ray]]s were sent from the middle of a rotating disc to a receiver at the edge of the disc, so that the transverse Doppler effect can be evaluated by means of the [[Mössbauer effect]]. By measuring the lifetime of [[muon]]s in the atmosphere and in particle accelerators, the [[time dilation of moving particles]] was also verified. On the other hand, the [[Hafele–Keating experiment]] confirmed the [[twin paradox]], ''i.e.'' that a clock moving from A to B back to A is retarded with respect to the initial clock. However, in this experiment the effects of [[general relativity]] also play an essential role.
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| Direct confirmation of [[length contraction]] is hard to achieve in practice since the dimensions of the observed particles are vanishingly small. However, there are indirect confirmations; for example, the behavior of colliding heavy [[ion]]s can only be explained if their increased density due to Lorentz contraction is considered. Contraction also leads to an increase of the intensity of the [[Coulomb's law|Coulomb field]] perpendicular to the direction of motion, whose effects already have been observed. Consequently, both time dilation and length contraction must be considered when conducting experiments in particle accelerators.
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| ===Relativistic momentum and energy===
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| [[File:Bucherer expt-en.svg|thumb|right|Bucherer's experimental setup for measuring the specific charge ''e/m'' of β<sup>-</sup> electrons as a function of their speed ''v/c''. (Cross-section through the axis of a circular capacitor with a beta-source at its center, at an angle α with respect to the magnetic field H)]] | |
| {{Main|Tests of relativistic energy and momentum|Kaufmann–Bucherer–Neumann experiments}}
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| Starting with 1901, a series of measurements was conducted aimed at demonstrating the velocity dependence of the mass of [[electron]]s. The results actually showed such a dependency but the precision necessary to distinguish between competing theories was disputed for a long time. Eventually, it was possible to definitely rule out all competing models except special relativity.
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| Today, special relativity's predictions are routinely confirmed in [[particle accelerator]]s such as the [[Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider]]. For example, the increase of relativistic [[momentum]] and energy is not only precisely measured but also necessary to understand the behavior of [[cyclotron]]s and [[synchrotron]]s etc., by which particles are accelerated near to the speed of light.
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| ===Sagnac and Fizeau=== | |
| [[File:Sagnac-Interferometer.png|thumb|Original Sagnac interferometer]]
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| {{Main|Sagnac interferometer|Fizeau experiment}}
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| Special relativity also predicts that two light rays traveling in opposite directions around a loop or closed path require different flight times to come back to the moving emitter/receiver (this is a consequence of the independence of the speed of light from the velocity of the source, see above). This effect was actually observed and is called the [[Sagnac effect]]. Currently, the consideration of this effect is necessary for many experimental setups and for the correct functioning of [[Global Positioning System|GPS]].
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| If such experiments are conducted in moving media, it is also necessary to consider Fresnel's dragging coefficient as demonstrated by the [[Fizeau experiment]]. Although this effect was initially understood as giving evidence of a nearly stationary aether or a partial aether drag it can easily be explained with special relativity by using the [[Velocity-addition_formula#Special_theory_of_relativity|velocity composition law]].
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| ===Test theories===
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| {{Main|Test theories of special relativity}}
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| Several test theories have been developed to assess a possible positive outcome in Lorentz violation experiments by adding certain parameters to the standard equations. These include the Robertson-Mansouri-Sexl framework (RMS) and the [[Standard-Model Extension]] (SME). RMS has three testable parameters with respect to length contraction and time dilation. From that, any anisotropy of the speed of light can be assessed. On the other hand, SME includes many Lorentz violation parameters, not only for special relativity, but for the [[Standard model]] and [[General relativity]] as well; thus it has a much larger number of testable parameters.
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| ===Other modern tests===
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| {{Main|Modern searches for Lorentz violation}}
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| Due to the developments concerning various models of [[Quantum gravity]] in recent years, deviations of Lorentz invariance (possibly following from those models) are again the target of experimentalists. Because "local Lorentz invariance" (LLI) also holds in freely falling frames, experiments concerning the weak [[Equivalence principle]] belong to this class of tests as well. The outcomes are analyzed by test theories (as mentioned above) like RMS or, more importantly, by SME.<ref name=mattingly />
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| *Besides the mentioned variations of Michelson–Morley and Kennedy–Thorndike experiments, [[Hughes–Drever experiment]]s are continuing to be conducted for isotropy tests in the [[proton]] and [[neutron]] sector. To detect possible deviations in the [[electron]] sector, [[Spin polarization|spin-polarized]] [[torsion balance]]s are used.
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| *Time dilation is confirmed in heavy [[ion]] [[storage ring]]s, such as the TSR at the [[Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics|MPIK]], by observation of the Doppler effect of [[lithium]], and those experiments are valid in the electron, proton, and photon sector.
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| *Other experiments use [[Penning trap]]s to observe deviations of [[cyclotron motion]] and [[Larmor precession]] in electrostatic and magnetic fields.
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| *Possible deviations from [[CPT symmetry]] (whose violation represents a violation of Lorentz invariance as well) can be determined in experiments with neutral [[meson]]s, [[Penning trap]]s and [[muon]]s, see [[Antimatter Tests of Lorentz Violation]].
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| *Astronomical tests are conducted in connection with the flight time of photons, where Lorentz violating factors could cause [[anomalous dispersion]] and [[birefringence]] leading to a dependency of photons on [[energy]], [[frequency]] or [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]].
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| *With respect to [[threshold energy]] of distant astronomical objects, but also of terrestrial sources, Lorentz violations could lead to alterations in the standard values for the processes following from that energy, such as Vacuum [[Cherenkov radiation]], or modifications of [[synchrotron radiation]].
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| *[[Neutrino oscillations]] (see [[Lorentz-violating neutrino oscillations]]) and the speed of [[neutrino]]s (see [[measurements of neutrino speed]]) are being investigated for possible Lorentz violations.
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| * Other candidates for astronomical observations are the [[Greisen–Zatsepin–Kuzmin limit]] and [[Airy disk]]s. The latter is investigated to find possible deviations of Lorentz invariance that could drive the photons out of phase.
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| *Observations in the [[Higgs boson|Higgs]] sector are under way.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Tests of general relativity]]
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| *[[History of special relativity]]
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| ==References==
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| <references> | |
| <ref name=laem>{{cite journal |author=Lämmerzahl, C.|year=2005|title=Special Relativity and Lorentz Invariance |journal=Annalen der Physik|volume=517 |issue=1 |pages=71–102 |doi=10.1002/andp.200410127|bibcode = 2005AnP...517...71L }}</ref>
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| <ref name=laub>{{Cite journal|author=Laub, Jakob|title=Über die experimentellen Grundlagen des Relativitätsprinzips|journal=Jahrbuch der Radioaktivität und Elektronik|volume=7|year=1910|pages=405–463}}</ref>
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| <ref name=mattingly>{{Cite journal| author=Mattingly, David| title=Modern Tests of Lorentz Invariance|journal=Living Rev. Relativity| volume=8| year=2005| issue=5| url=http://www.livingreviews.org/lrr-2005-5}}</ref>
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| <ref name=rob>{{cite journal |author=Robertson, H. P.|year=1949|title=Postulate versus Observation in the Special Theory of Relativity |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=378–382 |doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.21.378 |bibcode=1949RvMP...21..378R}}</ref>
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| <ref name=faq>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=T |last2=Schleif |first2=S |last3=Dlugosz |first3=JM (ed.) |year=2007 |title=What is the experimental basis of Special Relativity? |url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SR/experiments.html |work=Usenet Physics FAQ |publisher=[[University of California, Riverside]] |accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref> | |
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| <ref name=will>{{cite book |author=Will, C.M |year=2005 |chapter=Special Relativity: A Centenary Perspective |editor=T. Damour, O. Darrigol, B. Duplantier und V. Rivasseau|title=Poincare Seminar 2005|year=2006 | pages=33–58|publisher=Birkhauser |location=Basel|arxiv=gr-qc/0504085}}</ref>
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| <ref name=zhang>{{cite book |author=Zhang, Yuan Zhong |year=1997 |title=Special Relativity and Its Experimental Foundations |publisher=World Scientific |isbn=978-981-02-2749-4}}</ref>
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| </references>
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| {{Tests of special relativity}}
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| [[Category:Physics experiments]]
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| [[Category:Special relativity]]
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