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| In [[mathematics]], a '''Niemeier lattice''' is one of the 24
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| [[Definite bilinear form|positive definite]] even [[unimodular lattice]]s of [[Rank of an abelian group|rank]] 24,
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| which were classified by {{harvs|txt|authorlink=Hans-Volker Niemeier|first=Hans-Volker|last= Niemeier|year=1973}}. {{harvtxt|Venkov|1978}} gave a simplified proof of the classification. {{harvtxt|Witt|1941}} has a sentence mentioning that he found more than 10 such lattices, but gives no further details. One example of a Niemeier lattice is the [[Leech lattice]].
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| == Classification ==
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| Niemeier lattices are usually labeled by the [[Dynkin diagram]] of their
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| [[root system]]s. These Dynkin diagrams have rank either 0 or 24, and all of their components have the same [[Coxeter number]]. (The Coxeter number, at least in these cases, is
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| the number of roots divided by the dimension.) There are exactly 24 Dynkin diagrams with these properties, and there turns out to be a unique Niemeier | |
| lattice for each of these Dynkin diagrams.
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| The complete list of Niemeier lattices is given in the following table.
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| In the table,
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| :''G''<sub>0</sub> is the order of the group generated by reflections
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| :''G''<sub>1</sub> is the order of the group of automorphisms fixing all components of the Dynkin diagram
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| :''G''<sub>2</sub> is the order of the group of automorphisms of permutations of components of the Dynkin diagram | |
| :''G''<sub>∞</sub> is the index of the root lattice in the Niemeier lattice, in other words the order of the "glue code". It is the square root of the discriminant of the root lattice.
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| :''G''<sub>0</sub>×''G''<sub>1</sub>×''G''<sub>2</sub> is the order of the automorphism group of the lattice
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| :''G''<sub>∞</sub>×''G''<sub>1</sub>×''G''<sub>2</sub> is the order of the automorphism group of the corresponding deep hole.
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| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! Lattice root system!! Coxeter number !! ''G''<sub>0</sub>!! ''G''<sub>1</sub> !! ''G''<sub>2</sub>!! ''G''<sub>∞</sub>
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| |-
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| | Leech (no roots)|| 0 || 1 ||[[Conway group|2Co<sub>1</sub>]] || 1|| '''Z'''<sup>24</sup>
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| |-
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| |A<sub>1</sub><sup>24</sup>|| 2 || 2<sup>24</sup> || 1 || [[Mathieu group|M<sub>24</sub>]] || 2<sup>12</sup>
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| |-
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| |A<sub>2</sub><sup>12</sup>|| 3 || 3!<sup>12</sup> || 2 || [[Mathieu group|M<sub>12</sub>]] || 3<sup>6</sup>
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| |-
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| |A<sub>3</sub><sup>8</sup>|| 4 || 4!<sup>8</sup> || 2 || 1344 || 4<sup>4</sup>
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| |-
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| |A<sub>4</sub><sup>6</sup>|| 5 || 5!<sup>6</sup> || 2 || 120 || 5<sup>3</sup>
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| |-
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| |A<sub>5</sub><sup>4</sup>D<sub>4</sub>|| 6 || 6!<sup>4</sup>(2<sup>3</sup>4!) || 2 || 24 || 72
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| |-
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| |D<sub>4</sub><sup>6</sup>|| 6 || (2<sup>3</sup>4!)<sup>6</sup> || 3 || 720 || 4<sup>3</sup>
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| |-
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| |A<sub>6</sub><sup>4</sup>|| 7 || 7!<sup>4</sup> || 2 || 12 || 7<sup>2</sup>
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| |-
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| |A<sub>7</sub><sup>2</sup>D<sub>5</sub><sup>2</sup>|| 8 || 8!<sup>4</sup> (2<sup>4</sup>5!)<sup>4</sup>|| 2 || 4 || 32
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| |-
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| |A<sub>8</sub><sup>3</sup>|| 9 || 9!<sup>3</sup> || 2 || 6 || 27
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| |-
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| |A<sub>9</sub><sup>2</sup>D<sub>6</sub>|| 10 || 10!<sup>2</sup> (2<sup>5</sup>6!)|| 2 || 2 || 20
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| |-
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| |D<sub>6</sub><sup>4</sup>|| 10 || (2<sup>5</sup>6!)<sup>4</sup> || 1 || 24 || 16
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| |-
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| |E<sub>6</sub><sup>4</sup>|| 12 || (2<sup>7</sup>3<sup>4</sup>5)<sup>4</sup> || 2 || 24 || 9
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| |-
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| |A<sub>11</sub>D<sub>7</sub>E<sub>6</sub>|| 12 || 12!(2<sup>6</sup>7!)(2<sup>7</sup>3<sup>4</sup>5) || 2 || 1 || 12
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| |-
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| |A<sub>12</sub><sup>2</sup>|| 13 || (13!)<sup>2</sup> || 2 || 2 || 13
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| |-
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| |D<sub>8</sub><sup>3</sup>|| 14 || (2<sup>7</sup>8!)<sup>3</sup> || 1 || 6 || 8
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| |-
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| |A<sub>15</sub>D<sub>9</sub>|| 16 || 16!(2<sup>8</sup>9!) || 2 || 1 || 8
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| |-
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| |A<sub>17</sub>E<sub>7</sub>|| 18 || 18!(2<sup>10</sup>3<sup>4</sup>5.7) || 2 || 1 || 6
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| |-
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| |D<sub>10</sub>E<sub>7</sub><sup>2</sup>|| 18 || (2<sup>9</sup>10!)(2<sup>10</sup>3<sup>4</sup>5.7)<sup>2</sup> || 1 || 2 || 4
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| |-
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| |D<sub>12</sub><sup>2</sup>|| 22 ||(2<sup>11</sup>12!)<sup>2</sup> || 1 || 2 || 4
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| |-
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| |A<sub>24</sub>|| 25 || 25! || 1 || 2 || 5
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| |-
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| |D<sub>16</sub>E<sub>8</sub>|| 30 || (2<sup>15</sup>16!)(2<sup>14</sup>3<sup>5</sup>5<sup>2</sup>7) || 1 || 1 || 2
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| |-
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| |E<sub>8</sub><sup>3</sup>|| 30 ||(2<sup>14</sup>3<sup>5</sup>5<sup>2</sup>7)<sup>3</sup> || 1 || 6 || 1
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| |-
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| |D<sub>24</sub>|| 46 || 2<sup>23</sup>24! || 1 || 1 || 2
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| |}
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| ==The neighborhood graph of the Niemeier lattices== | |
| If ''L'' is an odd unimodular lattice of dimension 8''n'' and ''M'' its sublattice of even vectors, then ''M'' is contained in exactly 3 unimodular lattices, one of which is ''L'' and the other two of which are even. (If ''L'' has a norm 1 vector then the two even lattices are [[isomorphic]].) The '''Kneser neighborhood graph''' in 8''n'' dimensions has a point for each even lattice, and a line joining two points for each odd 8''n'' dimensional lattice with no norm 1 vectors, where the vertices of each line are the two even lattices associated to the odd lattice. There may be several lines between the same pair of vertices, and there may be lines from a vertex to itself. Kneser proved that this graph is always connected. In 8 dimensions it has one point and no lines, in 16 dimensions it has two points joined by one line, and in 24 dimensions it is the following graph:
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| [[Image:Neighborhood graph of Niemeier lattices.svg]]
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| Each point represents one of the 24 Niemeier lattices, and the lines joining them represent the 24 dimensional odd unimodular lattices with no norm 1 vectors. (Thick lines represent multiple lines.) The number on the right is the Coxeter number of the Niemeier lattice.
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| In 32 dimensions the neighborhood graph has more than a billion vertices.
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| == Properties ==
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| Some of the Niemeier lattices are related to [[sporadic simple group]]s.
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| The Leech lattice is acted on by a [[Double covering group|double cover]] of the [[Conway group]],
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| and the lattices A<sub>1</sub><sup>24</sup> and A<sub>2</sub><sup>12</sup> | |
| are acted on by the [[Mathieu group]]s M<sub>24</sub> and M<sub>12</sub>.
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| The Niemeier lattices, other than the Leech lattice, correspond to | |
| the ''deep holes'' of the Leech lattice. This implies that the [[affine Dynkin diagram]]s of the Niemeier lattices can be seen inside the Leech lattice, when
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| two points of the Leech lattice are joined by no lines when they have distance
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| <math>\sqrt 4</math>, by 1 line if they have distance <math>\sqrt 6</math>, | |
| and by a double line if they have distance <math>\sqrt 8</math>.
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| Niemeier lattices also correspond to the 24 orbits of primitive norm zero vectors of the even unimodular Lorentzian lattice [[II25,1|II<sub>25,1</sub>]].
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| == References==
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| *{{cite book
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| | author = [[John H. Conway|Conway, J. H.]]; [[Neil Sloane|Sloane, N. J. A.]]
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| | title = Sphere Packings, Lattices, and Groups
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| | edition = 3rd
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| | year = 1998
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| | isbn = 0-387-98585-9
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| | publisher = Springer-Verlag}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Ebeling | first1=Wolfgang | title=Lattices and codes | origyear=1994 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RVt5QgAACAAJ | publisher=Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn | location=Braunschweig | edition=revised | series=Advanced Lectures in Mathematics | isbn=978-3-528-16497-3 | mr=1938666 | year=2002}}
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| *{{Cite journal
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| | last = Niemeier|first= Hans-Volker
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| | title = Definite quadratische Formen der Dimension 24 und Diskriminate 1.
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| | format = In German
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| | journal = [[Journal of Number Theory]]
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| | volume = 5
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| | year = 1973
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| | pages = 142–178
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| | mr = 0316384
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| | doi = 10.1016/0022-314X(73)90068-1
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| | ref = harv
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| | postscript = <!--None-->
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| | issue = 2}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Venkov | first1=B. B. | title=On the classification of integral even unimodular 24-dimensional quadratic forms | mr=558941 | year=1978 | journal=Akademiya Nauk Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik. Trudy Matematicheskogo Instituta imeni V. A. Steklova | issn=0371-9685 | volume=148 | pages=65–76}} English translation in {{harvtxt|Conway|Sloane|1998}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Witt | first1=Ernst | author1-link=Ernst Witt | title=Eine Identität zwischen Modulformen zweiten Grades | doi=10.1007/BF02940750 | mr=0005508 | year=1941 | journal=Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg | volume=14 | pages=323–337}}
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| *{{Citation | last1=Witt | first1=Ernst | author1-link=Ernst Witt | title=Collected papers. Gesammelte Abhandlungen | publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] | location=Berlin, New York | isbn=978-3-540-57061-5 | mr=1643949 | year=1998}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.research.att.com/%7Enjas/lattices/index.html#Nie Sloane's lattice catalogue]
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| [[Category:Quadratic forms]]
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| [[Category:Lattice points]]
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