Calkin–Wilf tree

Kirchhoff's integral theorem (sometimes referred to as the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral theorem) uses Green's identities to derive the solution to the homogeneous wave equation at an arbitrary point P in terms of the values of the solution of the wave equation and its first order derivative at all points on an arbitrary surface which encloses P.

Equation

Monochromatic waves

The integral has the following form for a monochromatic wave:

$U(r)=\frac{1}{4\pi }\underset{S}{\int }[U\frac{\partial }{\partial n}\left(\frac{e^{iks}}{s}\right)-\frac{e^{iks}}{s}\frac{\partial U}{\partial n}]dS$

where the integration is performed over the whole of the arbitrary surface S, s is the distance between the point r and the surface S, and ∂/∂n denotes differentiation along the normal on the surface with direction into the surface.

Please note: It may be confusing because most used to normal direction pointing outwards of the surface. In that case the eq. shall be multiplied by minus.

Non-monochromatic waves

A more general form can be derived for non-monochromatic waves. The complex amplitude of the wave can be represented by a Fourier integral of the form:

$V(r,t)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\int U_{\omega }(r)e^{-i\omega t}d\omega$

where, by Fourier inversion, we have:

$U_{\omega }(r)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi }}\int V(r,t)e^{i\omega t}dt$

The integral theorem (above) is applied to each Fourier component Buying, selling and renting HDB and personal residential properties in Singapore are simple and transparent transactions. Although you are not required to engage a real property salesperson (generally often known as a "public listed property developers In singapore agent") to complete these property transactions, chances are you'll think about partaking one if you are not accustomed to the processes concerned.

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$V(r,t)=\frac{1}{4\pi }\underset{S}{\int }\{[V]\frac{\partial }{\partial n}\left(\frac{1}{s}\right)-\frac{1}{cs}\frac{\partial s}{\partial n}\left[\frac{\partial V}{\partial t}\right]-\frac{1}{s}\left[\frac{\partial V}{\partial n}\right]\}dS$

where the square brackets on V terms denote retarded values, i.e. the values at time t − s/c.

Kirchhoff showed the above equation can be approximated in many cases to a simpler form, known as the Kirchhoff, or Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction formula, which is equivalent to the Huygens-Fresnel equation, but provides a formula for the inclination factor which is not defined in the latter. The diffraction integral can be applied to a wide range of problems in optics.

See also

• Kirchhoff's diffraction formula
• Vector calculus
• Integral
• Huygens–Fresnel principle
• Wavefront
• Surface

Further reading

• The Cambridge Handbook of Physics Formulas, G. Woan, Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-521-57507-2.
• Introduction to Electrodynamics (3rd Edition), D.J. Griffiths, Pearson Education, Dorling Kindersley, 2007, ISBN 81-7758-293-3
• Light and Matter: Electromagnetism, Optics, Spectroscopy and Lasers, Y.B. Band, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, ISBN 978-0-471-89931-0
• The Light Fantastic – Introduction to Classic and Quantum Optics, I.R. Kenyon, Oxford University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-19-856646-5
• Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, ISBN (Verlagsgesellschaft) 3-527-26954-1, ISBN (VHC Inc.) 0-89573-752-3
• McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), C.B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0-07-051400-3