1986–87 Mersin İdmanyurdu season: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
en>Magioladitis
m WP:CHECKWIKI error 61 fixes + general fixes using AWB (7940)
 
en>Cydebot
m Robot - Speedily moving category Mersin İdmanyurdu Seasons to Category:Mersin İdmanyurdu seasons per CFDS.
Line 1: Line 1:
It involves expertise and knowledge of various tools and technologies used for creating websites. Also, you may want to opt for a more professioanl theme if you are planning on showing your site off to a high volume of potential customers each day. * A community forum for debate of the product together with some other customers in the comments spot. Keep reading for some great Word - Press ideas you can start using today. Over a million people are using Wordpress to blog and the number of Wordpress users is increasing every day. <br><br>Generally, for my private income-making market websites, I will thoroughly research and discover the leading 10 most worthwhile niches to venture into. Wordpress have every reason with it which promote wordpress development. Our Daily Deal Software plugin brings the simplicity of setting up a Word - Press blog to the daily deal space. t need to use the back button or the URL to get to your home page. Akismet is really a sophisticated junk e-mail blocker and it's also very useful thinking about I recieve many junk e-mail comments day-to-day across my various web-sites. <br><br>Your Word - Press blog or site will also require a domain name which many hosting companies can also provide. The following piece of content is meant to make your choice easier and reassure you that the decision to go ahead with this conversion is requited with rich benefits:. Whether or not it's an viewers on your web page, your social media pages, or your web page, those who have a present and effective viewers of "fans" are best best for provide provides, reductions, and deals to help re-invigorate their viewers and add to their main point here. Nonetheless, with stylish Facebook themes obtainable on the Globe Broad Internet, half of your enterprise is done previously. Have you heard about niche marketing and advertising. <br><br>Google Maps Excellent navigation feature with Google Maps and latitude, for letting people who have access to your account Latitude know exactly where you are. And, that is all the opposition events with nationalistic agenda in favor of the individuals of Pakistan marching collectively in the battle in opposition to radicalism. The templates are designed to be stand alone pages that have a different look and feel from the rest of your website. Giant business organizations can bank on enterprise solutions to incorporate latest web technologies such as content management system etc, yet some are looking for economical solutions. See a product, take a picture, and it gives you an Amazon price for that product, or related products. <br><br>Millions of individuals and organizations are now successfully using this tool throughout the worldIf you liked this information and you would certainly such as to get more facts pertaining to [http://aorta.in/BackupPlugin864693 backup plugin] kindly visit our webpage. If you operate a website that's been built on HTML then you might have to witness traffic losses because such a site isn't competent enough in grabbing the attention of potential consumers. Useful Plugins Uber - Menu Top Megamenu  Now it is the time of sticky Top navbar. Word - Press is an open source content management system which is easy to use and offers many user friendly features. Article Source: Hostgator discount coupons for your Wordpress site here.
In [[inorganic chemistry]], '''olation''' is the process by which metal ions form polymeric [[oxide]]s in aqueous solution.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref>  The phenomenon is important to understand the relationship between metal ions in aqueous solution and metal oxides, which are represented by many [[mineral]]s.
 
At low pH, many metal ions exist in aqueous solution as aqua [[coordination complex]]es, often with the formula [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>.<ref>Helm, L. and Merbach, A. E., "Inorganic and Bioinorganic Solvent Exchange Mechanisms", Chem. Rev., 2005, 105, 1923-1959.{{DOI|10.1021/cr030726o}}.</ref> As the pH increases, one O-H bond [[ionize]]s to give the [[hydroxide]] complex, the conjugate base of the parent [[Metal ions in aqueous solution|hexaaqua complex]]:
:[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>  <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math>  [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  +  H<sup>+</sup>
The hydroxo complex is poised to undergo olation, which is initiated by displacement of one water by a neighboring complex:
:[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  +  [M(H<sub>2</sub></sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>    <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> {M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>(μ-OH)M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>}<sup>5+</sup>  +  H<sub>2</sub>O
In this product, the hydroxide ligand bridges between the two metals, this bridge in denoted with the symbol μ.
In the resulting 5+ ion, the remaining water and hydroxo ligands are highly acidic and the ionization and [[condensation]] processes can continue at still higher pHs. The formation of the oxo-dimer is a process called “oxolation,” although sometimes olation and oxolation are not distinguished:
:{[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)}<sup>5+</sup> <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> {[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(μ-O)}<sup>4+</sup> +  H<sup>+</sup>
Ultimately one observes the formation of the metal oxide:
:2 [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>  <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math>  M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>  +  9 H<sub>2</sub>O  +  6 H<sup>+</sup>
 
Olation and oxolation are responsible for the formation of many natural and synthetic materials.  Such materials are usually insoluble polymers, but some, the [[polyoxometallate]]s, are discrete and molecular.
 
==Olation and leather tanning==
One application where olation is important is [[leather tanning]] using chromium(III) sulfate.  This salt dissolves to give hexaaquachromium(III) cation, [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> and sulfate anions. [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> acts as an acid according to the reaction:<ref>Schlesinger, M.; Paunovic, M.; Modern Electroplating. Wiley-Interscience, 4th ed. 2000, 209-212.</ref>
:[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>  <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup> + H<sup>+</sup>;  K<sub>eq</sub> ~ 10<sup>-4</sup> M 
Thus, higher pH favors [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>.  This hydroxy complex can undergo olation:<ref>M. Thompson, R. E. Connick "Hydrolytic polymerization of chromium(III). 1. Two dimeric species" Inorg. Chem. 1981, 20, 2279-2285. {{DOI|10.1021/ic50221a068}}</ref>
:[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> + [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  →  [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)]<sup>5+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O
:2[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  →  [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4+</sup>  +  2 H<sub>2</sub>O
The "diol" (second reaction) is favored and is accelerated by heat and high pH.   The balance of these two factors, temperature and pH of the solution, along with the concentration of chromium(III), influence the continued polymerization of [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4+</sup>.<ref>Schlesinger, M.; Paunovic, M.; Modern Electroplating. Wiley-Interscience, 4th ed. 2000, 209-212.</ref>  The chromium(III) hydroxide is susceptible to oxolation:
:[(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4+</sup>  →  [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>  +  2 H<sup>+</sup>
Products of oxolation are less susceptible to acidic cleavage than the hydroxy bridge. The resulting clusters are active in crosslinking the protein in tanning.<ref>Harlan, J.; Feairheller, S.; Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1977, 86A, 425.  </ref>  which essentially involves the cross-linking  of the collagen subunits. The actual chemistry  of [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> is more complex in the tanning bath rather than in water due to the presence of a variety of ligands.  Some ligands include the sulfate anion, the collagen's carboxyl groups, amine groups from the side chains of the [[amino acid]]s, as well as "masking agents." Masking agents are [[carboxylic acid]]s, such as [[acetic acid]], used to suppress formation of  polychromium(III) chains. Masking agents allow the tanner to further increase the pH to increase collagen's reactivity without inhibiting the penetration of the chromium(III) complexesThe crosslinks formed by the polychromium species are approximately 17 Å long.<ref>Gustavson, K.H.; The Chemistry of Tanning Processes.  Academic Press Inc., New York, 1956.</ref><ref>Covington, A.; Modern Tanning Chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1997, 26, 111-126. {{DOI|10.1039/CS9972600111}}</ref>
 
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Oxides|*]]

Revision as of 15:06, 25 January 2014

In inorganic chemistry, olation is the process by which metal ions form polymeric oxides in aqueous solution.[1] The phenomenon is important to understand the relationship between metal ions in aqueous solution and metal oxides, which are represented by many minerals.

At low pH, many metal ions exist in aqueous solution as aqua coordination complexes, often with the formula [M(H2O)6]3+.[2] As the pH increases, one O-H bond ionizes to give the hydroxide complex, the conjugate base of the parent hexaaqua complex:

[M(H2O)6]3+ [M(H2O)5OH]2+ + H+

The hydroxo complex is poised to undergo olation, which is initiated by displacement of one water by a neighboring complex:

[M(H2O)5OH]2+ + [M(H2O)6]3+ {M(H2O)5(μ-OH)M(H2O)5}5+ + H2O

In this product, the hydroxide ligand bridges between the two metals, this bridge in denoted with the symbol μ. In the resulting 5+ ion, the remaining water and hydroxo ligands are highly acidic and the ionization and condensation processes can continue at still higher pHs. The formation of the oxo-dimer is a process called “oxolation,” although sometimes olation and oxolation are not distinguished:

{[M(H2O)5]2(μ-OH)}5+ {[M(H2O)5]2(μ-O)}4+ + H+

Ultimately one observes the formation of the metal oxide:

2 [M(H2O)6]3+ M2O3 + 9 H2O + 6 H+

Olation and oxolation are responsible for the formation of many natural and synthetic materials. Such materials are usually insoluble polymers, but some, the polyoxometallates, are discrete and molecular.

Olation and leather tanning

One application where olation is important is leather tanning using chromium(III) sulfate. This salt dissolves to give hexaaquachromium(III) cation, [Cr(H2O)6]3+ and sulfate anions. [Cr(H2O)6]3+ acts as an acid according to the reaction:[3]

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ + H+; Keq ~ 10-4 M

Thus, higher pH favors [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+. This hydroxy complex can undergo olation:[4]

[Cr(H2O)6]3+ + [Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ → [(Cr(H2O)5)2(μ-OH)]5+ + H2O
2[Cr(H2O)5OH]2+ → [(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-OH)2]4+ + 2 H2O

The "diol" (second reaction) is favored and is accelerated by heat and high pH. The balance of these two factors, temperature and pH of the solution, along with the concentration of chromium(III), influence the continued polymerization of [(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-OH)2]4+.[5] The chromium(III) hydroxide is susceptible to oxolation:

[(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-OH)2]4+ → [(Cr(H2O)4)2(μ-O)2]2+ + 2 H+

Products of oxolation are less susceptible to acidic cleavage than the hydroxy bridge. The resulting clusters are active in crosslinking the protein in tanning.[6] which essentially involves the cross-linking of the collagen subunits. The actual chemistry of [Cr(H2O)6]3+ is more complex in the tanning bath rather than in water due to the presence of a variety of ligands. Some ligands include the sulfate anion, the collagen's carboxyl groups, amine groups from the side chains of the amino acids, as well as "masking agents." Masking agents are carboxylic acids, such as acetic acid, used to suppress formation of polychromium(III) chains. Masking agents allow the tanner to further increase the pH to increase collagen's reactivity without inhibiting the penetration of the chromium(III) complexes. The crosslinks formed by the polychromium species are approximately 17 Å long.[7][8]

References

  1. Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
  2. Helm, L. and Merbach, A. E., "Inorganic and Bioinorganic Solvent Exchange Mechanisms", Chem. Rev., 2005, 105, 1923-1959.Electronic Instrument Positions Staff (Standard ) Cameron from Clarence Creek, usually spends time with hobbies and interests which include knotting, property developers in singapore apartment For sale and boomerangs. Has enrolled in a world contiki journey. Is extremely thrilled specifically about visiting ..
  3. Schlesinger, M.; Paunovic, M.; Modern Electroplating. Wiley-Interscience, 4th ed. 2000, 209-212.
  4. M. Thompson, R. E. Connick "Hydrolytic polymerization of chromium(III). 1. Two dimeric species" Inorg. Chem. 1981, 20, 2279-2285. Electronic Instrument Positions Staff (Standard ) Cameron from Clarence Creek, usually spends time with hobbies and interests which include knotting, property developers in singapore apartment For sale and boomerangs. Has enrolled in a world contiki journey. Is extremely thrilled specifically about visiting .
  5. Schlesinger, M.; Paunovic, M.; Modern Electroplating. Wiley-Interscience, 4th ed. 2000, 209-212.
  6. Harlan, J.; Feairheller, S.; Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1977, 86A, 425.
  7. Gustavson, K.H.; The Chemistry of Tanning Processes. Academic Press Inc., New York, 1956.
  8. Covington, A.; Modern Tanning Chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1997, 26, 111-126. Electronic Instrument Positions Staff (Standard ) Cameron from Clarence Creek, usually spends time with hobbies and interests which include knotting, property developers in singapore apartment For sale and boomerangs. Has enrolled in a world contiki journey. Is extremely thrilled specifically about visiting .