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| {{chembox
| | The writer's name [http://cspl.postech.ac.kr/zboard/Membersonly/144571 tarot readings] is Christy Brookins. Distributing manufacturing has been his profession for best psychic readings ([http://165.132.39.93/xe/visitors/372912 More methods]) some time. Kentucky is where I've always been residing. My husband doesn't like it the way I do but what I really like performing is caving but I don't have the time recently.<br><br>Look into my homepage: tarot readings ([http://www.zavodpm.ru/blogs/glennmusserrvji/14565-great-hobby-advice-assist-allow-you-get-going mouse click the following web page]) |
| | verifiedrevid = 476994790
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| | ImageFile = Linbo3 Unit Cell.png
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| | ImageSize = 150px
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| | ImageFile2 =
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| | IUPACName =
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| | OtherNames =
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| | Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
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| | ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | ChemSpiderID = 10605804
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| | InChI = 1/Li.Nb.3O/q+1;;;;-1/rLi.NbO3/c;2-1(3)4/q+1;-1
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| | InChIKey = GQYHUHYESMUTHG-YHKBGIKBAK
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| | SMILES = [Li+].[O-][Nb](=O)=O
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| | StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | StdInChI = 1S/Li.Nb.3O/q+1;;;;-1
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| | StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
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| | StdInChIKey = GQYHUHYESMUTHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| | CASNo = 12031-63-9
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| | CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
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| | PubChem = 159404
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| }}
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| | Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
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| | Formula = LiNbO<sub>3</sub>
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| | MolarMass = 147.846 g/mol
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| | Appearance = colorless solid
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| | Density = 4.65 g/cm<sup>3</sup> <ref name=CT>[http://www.crystaltechnology.com/docs/LN_LTAppNote.pdf Spec sheet] of Crystal Technology, Inc.</ref>
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| | MeltingPt = 1257 °C<ref name="CT" />
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| | BoilingPt =
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| | Solubility = None
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| | SolubleOther =
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| | RefractIndex = n<sub>o</sub> 2.30, n<sub>e</sub> 2.21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luxpop.com |title=Luxpop |accessdate= June 18, 2010}} (Value at ''n''<sub>D</sub>=589.2 nm, 25 °C.)</ref>
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| | BandGap = 4 eV
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| }}
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| | Section3 = {{Chembox Structure
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| | CrystalStruct = [[trigonal]]
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| | SpaceGroup = R3c
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| | PointGroup = 3m (C<sub>3v</sub>)
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| | Coordination =
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| | Dipole =
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| }}
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| | Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
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| | DeltaHf =
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| | DeltaHc =
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| | Entropy =
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| | HeatCapacity =
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| }}
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| | Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
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| | ExternalMSDS =
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| | EUIndex = Not listed
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| | MainHazards =
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| | NFPA-H =
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| | NFPA-F =
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| | NFPA-R =
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| | NFPA-O =
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| | FlashPt =
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| }}
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| | Section8 = {{Chembox Related
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| | OtherAnions =
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| | OtherCations =
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| | OtherCpds =
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| '''Lithium niobate''' ({{Lithium}}{{Niobium}}{{Oxygen|3}}) is a compound of [[niobium]], [[lithium]], and [[oxygen]]. Its single crystals are an important material for optical waveguides, mobile phones, piezoelectric sensors, optical modulators and various other linear and non-linear optical applications.
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| ==Properties==
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| Lithium niobate is a colorless solid insoluble in water. It has a [[trigonal]] [[crystal system]], which lacks [[inversion symmetry]] and displays [[ferroelectricity]], [[Pockels effect]], [[piezoelectric]] effect, [[photoelasticity]] and [[nonlinear optics|nonlinear optical]] polarizability. Lithium niobate has negative uniaxial [[birefringence]] which depends slightly on the [[stoichiometry]] of the crystal and on temperature. It is transparent for wavelengths between 350 and 5200 [[nanometer]]s.
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| Lithium niobate can be doped by [[magnesium oxide]], which increases its resistance to optical damage (also known as photorefractive damage) when doped above the [[optical damage threshold]]. Other available dopants are {{iron}}, {{zinc}}, {{hafnium}}, {{copper}}, {{gadolinium}}, {{erbium}}, {{yttrium}}, {{Manganese}} and {{boron}}.
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| ==Growth==
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| [[Single crystal]]s of lithium niobate can be grown using the [[Czochralski process]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Lithium Niobate: Defects, Photorefraction and Ferroelectric Switching|first = Tatyana|last = Volk|coauthors = Wohlecke, Manfred|publisher = Springer|year = 2008|isbn = 978-3-540-70765-3|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-70766-0|pages=1–9}}</ref> [[File:Lithium Niobate Wafer.jpg|175px|thumb|A Z-cut, single crystal Lithium Niobate wafer|left]] After a crystal is grown, it is sliced into wafers of different orientation. Common orientations are Z-cut, X-cut, Y-cut, and cuts with rotated angles of the previous axes.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wong|first=K. K.|title=Properties of Lithium Niobate|year=2002|publisher=INSPEC|location=London, United Kingdom|isbn=0 85296 799 3|pages=8}}</ref>
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| ==Nanoparticles==
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| Nanoparticles of lithium niobate and [[niobium pentoxide]] can be produced at low temperature.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Grange, R.; Choi, J.W.; Hsieh, C.L.; Pu, Y.; Magrez, A.; Smajda, R.; Forro, L.; Psaltis, D. |title = Lithium niobate nanowires: synthesis, optical properties and manipulation |journal = Applied Physics Letters|volume = 95|pages = 143105|year = 2009|url =http://link.aip.org/link/?APPLAB/95/143105/1}}</ref> The complete protocol implies a LiH induced reduction of NbCl<sub>5</sub> followed by ''in situ'' spontaneous oxidation into low-valence niobium nano-oxides. These niobium oxides are exposed to air atmosphere resulting in pure Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>. Finally, the stable Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> is converted into lithium niobate LiNbO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles during the controlled hydrolysis of the LiH excess.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Aufray M, Menuel S, Fort Y, Eschbach J, Rouxel D, Vincent B|title = New Synthesis of Nanosized Niobium Oxides and Lithium Niobate Particles and Their Characterization by XPS Analysis|journal = Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology|volume = 9|issue = 8|pages = 4780–4789|year = 2009|doi = 10.1166/jnn.2009.1087}}</ref> Spherical nanoparticles of lithium niobate with a diameter of approximately 10 nm can be prepared by impregnating a mesoporous silica matrix with a mixture of an aqueous solution of LiNO<sub>3</sub> and NH<sub>4</sub>NbO(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> followed by 10 min heating in an IR furnace.<ref>{{cite journal|author = Grigas, A; Kaskel, S |title = Synthesis of LiNbO<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles in a mesoporous matrix |journal = Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology|volume = 2|pages = 28–33|year = 2011|doi =10.3762/bjnano.2.3}}</ref>
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| ==Applications==
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| Lithium niobate is used extensively in the telecoms market, e.g. in [[mobile telephone]]s and [[optical modulator]]s. It is the material of choice for the manufacture of [[surface acoustic wave]] devices. For some uses it can be replaced by [[lithium tantalate]], {{lithium}}{{tantalum}}{{oxygen|3}}. Other uses are in [[laser]] [[second harmonic generation|frequency doubling]], [[nonlinear optics]], [[Pockels effect#Pockels cells|Pockels cell]]s, [[optical parametric oscillator]]s, [[Q-switching]] devices for lasers, other [[acousto-optic effect|acousto-optic]] devices, [[optical switch]]es for gigahertz frequencies, etc. It is an excellent material for manufacture of [[optical waveguide]]s.
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| It's also used in the making of optical spatial low-pass ([[Anti-aliasing_filter|anti-aliasing]]) filters.
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| ==Periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN)==
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| '''Periodically poled lithium niobate''' ('''PPLN''') is a domain-engineered lithium niobate crystal, used mainly for achieving [[quasi-phase-matching]] in [[nonlinear optics]]. The [[ferroelectric]] domains point alternatively to the ''+c'' and the ''-c'' direction, with a period of typically between 5 and 35 [[micrometre|µm]]. The shorter periods of this range are used for [[second harmonic generation]], while the longer ones for [[Optical parametric oscillator|optical parametric oscillation]]. [[Periodic poling]] can be achieved by electrical poling with periodically structured electrode. Controlled heating of the crystal can be used to fine-tune [[phase matching]] in the medium due to a slight variation of the dispersion with temperature. | |
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| Periodic poling uses the largest value of lithium niobate's nonlinear tensor, d<sub>33</sub>= 27 pm/V. Quasi-phase matching gives maximum efficiencies that are 2/π (64%) of the full d<sub>33</sub>, about 17 pm/V
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| Other materials used for [[periodic poling]] are wide [[band gap]] inorganic crystals like [[potassium titanyl phosphate|KTP]] (resulting in [[periodically poled KTP]], [[PPKTP]]), [[lithium tantalate]], and some organic materials.
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| The periodic poling technique can also be used to form surface [[nanostructure]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Surface nanoscale periodic structures in congruent lithium niobate by domain reversal patterning and differential etching |author=S. Grilli |coauthors=P. Ferraro, P. De Natale, B. Tiribilli, and M. Vassalli |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=87 |issue=23 |pages=233106 |year=2005 |doi=10.1063/1.2137877}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Modulating the thickness of the resist pattern for controlling size and depth of submicron reversed domains in lithium niobate
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| |author=P. Ferraro |coauthors=S. Grilli |journal=Applied Physics Letters |volume=89 |issue=13 |pages=133111 |year=2006 |doi=10.1063/1.2357928}}</ref>
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| However, due to its low photorefractive damage threshold, PPLN only finds limited applications: at very low power levels. MgO doped lithium niobate is fabricated by periodically poled method. Periodically poled MgO doped lithium niobate (PPMgOLN) therefore expands the application to medium power level.
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| ==Sellmeier equations==
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| The [[Sellmeier equation]]s for the extraordinary index are used to find the poling period and approximate temperature for quasi-phase matching. Jundt<ref name=Jundt>{{cite journal| author=Dieter H. Jundt| journal=Optics Letters|volume=22 |title=Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equation for the index of refraction <math>n_e</math> in congruent lithium niobate| year=1997|pages=1553–5 |doi=10.1364/OL.22.001553| pmid=18188296| issue=20}}</ref> gives
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| <math>n^2_e =
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| 5.35583 + 4.629 \times 10^{-7} f
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| + {0.100473 + 3.862 \times 10^{-8} f \over \lambda^2 - (0.20692 - 0.89 \times 10^{-8} f)^2 }
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| + { 100 + 2.657 \times 10^{-5} f \over \lambda^2 - (11.34927 )^2 }
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| - 1.5334 \times 10^{-2} \lambda^2 </math>
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| valid from 20-250 °C for wavelengths from 0.4 to 5 [[micrometre|micrometer]]s, whereas for longer wavelength,<ref name=Deng>{{cite journal|author=LH Deng et al.|journal = Optics Communications|volume=268| title=Improvement to Sellmeier equation for periodically poled LiNbO<math>_3</math> crystal using mid-infrared difference-frequency generation|issue=1|year=2006| pages=110|doi=10.1016/j.optcom.2006.06.082}}</ref>
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| <math>n^2_e =
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| 5.39121 + 4.968 \times 10^{-7} f
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| + {0.100473 + 3.862 \times 10^{-8} f \over \lambda^2 - (0.20692 - 0.89 \times 10^{-8} f)^2 }
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| + { 100 + 2.657 \times 10^{-5} f \over \lambda^2 - (11.34927 )^2 }- (1.544 \times 10^{-2} + 9.62119 \times 10^{-10} \lambda) \lambda^2 </math>
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| which is valid for ''T'' = 25 to 180 °C, for wavelengths λ between 2.8 and 4.8 micrometers.<br>
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| In these equations f = (T-24.5)(T+570.82), λ is in micrometers, and T is in °C.
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| ==See also==
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| <!-- alphabetic order -->
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| {{colbegin|3}}
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| *[[Crystal]]
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| *[[Crystal structure]]
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| *[[Crystallite]]
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| *[[Crystallization]] and [[Crystallization (engineering aspects)|engineering aspects]]
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| *[[Seed crystal]]
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| *[[Single crystal]]
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| *[[Laser-heated pedestal growth]]
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| *[[Micro-Pulling-Down]]
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| {{colend}}
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| *{{cite book|title=Ferroelectric Crystals for Photonic Applications Including Nanoscale Fabrication and Characterization Techniques |series=Springer Series in Materials Science |volume= 91 |editor-last=Ferraro |editor-first=Pietro |editor2-last=Grilli |editor2-first=Simonetta |editor3-last=De Natale |editor3-first=Paolo |url=http://www.springer.com/materials/book/978-3-540-77963-6|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-77965-0}}
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.inrad.com/pdf/Inrad_datasheet_LNB.pdf Inrad data sheet on lithium niobate]
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| {{Lithium compounds}}
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| [[Category:Lithium compounds]]
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| [[Category:Niobates]]
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| [[Category:Ferroelectric materials]]
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| [[Category:Nonlinear optical materials]]
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| [[Category:Crystals]]
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| [[Category:Second-harmonic generation]]
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