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A '''break junction''' is an electronic device which consists of two metal wires separated by a very thin gap, on the order of the inter-atomic spacing (less than a [[nanometer]]). This can be done by physically pulling the wires apart or through chemical etching or [[electromigration]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lifesciences.ieee.org/areas-of-convergence/feature-articles/48-from-molecular-electronics-to-proteonics-break-junctions-for-biomarker-detection |title=From Molecular Electronics to Proteonics: Break Junctions for Biomarker Detection - IEEE Life Sciences |publisher=Lifesciences.ieee.org |date=2009-04-11 |accessdate=2011-11-29}}</ref>  As the wire breaks, the separation between the electrodes can be indirectly controlled by monitoring the electrical resistance of the junction.
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After the gap is formed, its width can often be controlled by bending the substrate that the metal contacts lie on. The gap can be controlled to a precision of [[picometer]]s.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v99/i2/e026601 |title=Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 026601 (2007): Tuning the Kondo Effect with a Mechanically Controllable Break Junction |publisher=Prl.aps.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-29}}</ref>
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A typical conductance versus time trace during the breaking process (conductance is simply current divided by applied voltage bias) shows two regimes. First is a regime where the break junction comprises a [[quantum point contact]]. In this regime conductance decreases in steps equal to the [[conductance quantum]] <math>G_Q=2e^2/h</math> which is expressed through the [[electron charge]] (−''e'') and [[Planck's constant]] <math>h</math>. The conductance quantum has a value of 7.74×10<sup>−5</sup> siemens, corresponding to a resistance increase of roughly 12.9 kΩ. These step decreases are interpreted as the result of a decrease, as the electrodes are pulled apart, in the number of single-atom-wide metal strands bridging between the two electrodes, each strand having a conductance equal to the quantum of conductance. As the wire is pulled, the neck becomes thinner with fewer atomic strands in it. Each time the neck reconfigures, which happens abruptly, a step-like decrease of the conductance can be observed. This picture inferred from the current measurement has been confirmed by "in-situ" TEM imaging of the breaking process combined with current measurement.<ref name="nature">{{cite web |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v395/n6704/full/395780a0.html |title=Quantized conductance through individual rows of suspended gold atoms |author=H. Ohnishi, Y. Kondo and K. Takayanagi |journal=Nature|volume=395|page=780|year=1998:}}</ref><ref name="preview">{{cite web |url=http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v85/i19/p4124_1 |title=Signature of Atomic Structure in the Quantum Conductance of Gold Nanowires |author=V. Rodrigues, T. Fuhrer and D. Ugarte |journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=85|page=4124|year=2000:}}</ref>
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In a second regime, when the wire is pulled further apart, the conductance collapses to values less than the quantum of conductance. This is the tunneling regime where electrons tunnel through vacuum between the electrodes.
 
== Use ==
Break junctions are used to make electrical contacts and to study single molecules.  <ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1367-2630/10/6/065008 |title=Lithographic mechanical break junctions for single-molecule measurements in vacuum: possibilities and limitations |publisher=Iopscience.iop.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://prb.aps.org/abstract/PRB/v79/i8/e081404 |title=Phys. Rev. B 79, 081404 (2009): Probing charge transport in single-molecule break junctions using inelastic tunneling |publisher=Prb.aps.org |date= |accessdate=2011-11-29}}</ref>
 
== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Electricity]]
[[Category:Molecular electronics]]
[[Category:Nanoelectronics]]

Latest revision as of 14:22, 18 June 2014

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