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| '''Kinetic inductance''' is the manifestation of the inertial mass of mobile [[charge carriers]] in alternating electric fields as an equivalent series [[inductance]]. Kinetic inductance is observed in high carrier mobility conductors (e.g. [[superconductors]]) and at very high frequencies.
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| == Explanation ==
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| A change in [[electromotive force]] (emf) will be opposed by the [[inertia]] of the charge carriers since, like all objects with mass, they prefer to be traveling at constant velocity and therefore it takes a finite time to accelerate the particle. This is similar to how a change in emf is opposed by the finite rate of change of magnetic flux in an inductor. The resulting phase lag in voltage is identical for both energy storage mechanisms, making them indistinguishable in a normal circuit.
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| Kinetic inductance (<math>L_{K}</math>) arises naturally in the [[Drude model]] of [[electrical conduction]] when the relaxation time (collision time) <math>\tau</math> is taken to be non-zero. This model defines a [[complex number|complex]] conductivity in a time-varying electric field of frequency <math>\omega</math> given by <math>{\sigma(\omega) = \sigma_{1} - i\sigma_{2}}</math>. The imaginary part arises from kinetic inductance. The Drude complex conductivity can be expanded into its real and imaginary components:
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| <math>\sigma = \frac{ne^2\tau}{m(1+i\omega\tau)} = \frac{ne^2\tau}{m(1+\omega^2\tau^2)}-i\frac{ne^2\omega\tau^2}{m(1+\omega^2\tau^2)}</math>
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| where <math>m</math> is the mass of the charge carrier (i.e. the effective [[electron]] mass in metallic [[electrical conductor|conductors]]) and <math>n</math> is the carrier number density. In normal metals the collision time is typically <math>\approx 10^{-14}</math> s, so for frequencies < 100 GHz the term <math>{\omega^2 \tau^2}</math> is very small and can be ignored. Kinetic inductance is therefore only significant at optical frequencies and in superconductors, where <math>{\tau \rightarrow \infty}</math>.
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| For a superconducting wire, the kinetic inductance can be calculated by equating the total kinetic energy of the [[Cooper pairs]] with an equivalent inductive energy:<ref>A.J. Annunziata ''et al.'', "Tunable superconducting nanoinductors," ''Nanotechnology'' '''21''', 445202 (2010), {{doi|10.1088/0957-4484/21/44/445202}}, {{arxiv|1007.4187}}</ref> | |
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| <math>\frac{1}{2}(2mv^2)(n_{s}lA)=\frac{1}{2}L_KI^2</math>
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| where <math>m</math> is the electron mass (<math>2m</math> is the mass of a Cooper pair), <math>v</math> is the average Cooper pair velocity, <math>n_{s}</math> is the density of Cooper pairs, <math>l</math> is the length of the wire, <math>A</math> is the wire cross-sectional area, and <math>I</math> is the current. Using the fact that the current <math>I = 2evn_{s}A</math>, where <math>e</math> is the electron charge, this yields:
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| <math>L_K=\left(\frac{m}{2n_{s}e^2}\right)\left(\frac{l}{A}\right)</math>
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| The same procedure can be used to calculate the kinetic inductance of a normal (i.e. non-superconducting) wire, except with <math>2m</math> replaced by <math>m</math>, <math>2e</math> replaced by <math>e</math>, and <math>n_{s}</math> replaced by the normal carrier density <math>n</math>. This yields:
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| <math>L_K=\left(\frac{m}{ne^2}\right)\left(\frac{l}{A}\right)</math>
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| The kinetic inductance increases as the carrier density decreases. Physically, this is because a smaller number of carriers must have a greater velocity than a larger number of carriers in order to achieve the same current. In a normal metal wire, the [[resistivity]] also increases as the carrier density <math>n</math> decreases. As a result, in normal metals the resistive contribution to the [[Electrical impedance|impedance]] dominates the contribution from kinetic inductance up to frequencies ~ [[THz]].
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| == Applications ==
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| Kinetic inductance in superconductors is exploited to make efficient [[microwave]] [[Analog delay line|delay line]]s as it increases the inductance per unit length of superconducting [[transmission lines]].
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| Kinetic inductance can be used to make sensitive [[photon]] detectors, known as [[kinetic inductance detectors]] (KIDs), as the change in the [[Cooper pair]] density brought about by the absorption of a photon in a strip of superconducting material produces a measurable change in kinetic inductance.
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| Kinetic inductance is also used in a design parameter for superconducting [[flux qubit]]s: <math>\beta</math> is the ratio of the [[Josephson_energy#Josephson_inductance| kinetic inductance]] of the [[Josephson junctions]] in the qubit to the geometrical inductance of the flux qubit. A design with a low beta behaves more like a simple inductive loop, while a design with a high beta is dominated by the Josephson junctions and has more [[hysteretic]] behavior.<ref>http://books.google.ca/books?id=yOA8rUo5N4oC&pg=PA157 or {{cite book|last=Cardwell|first=David A. |title=Handbook of superconducting materials|publisher=CRC Press|location=London, UK|page=157|isbn=0-7503-0432-4}}</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Drude model]]
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| * [[Electrical conduction]]
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| * [[Electron mobility]]
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| * [[Inductance]]
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| * [[Superconductivity]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAHkYROmriY YouTube video on kinetic inductance from MIT]
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| [[Category:Electrodynamics]]
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| [[Category:Superconductivity]]
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Let me initial start by introducing myself. My title is Boyd Butts although it is not the name on my birth certification. For many years he's been working as a receptionist. What I adore performing is performing ceramics but I haven't made a dime with it. California is exactly where her std testing at home is but she needs to transfer because of her family members.