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| | Hello and welcome. My name is Irwin and I completely dig that title. For many years I've been operating as a payroll clerk. Doing ceramics is what love doing. For a whilst she's been in South Dakota.<br><br>My website: [http://payiz.az/index.php?do=/profile-14379/info/ at home std testing] |
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| [[Image:Operational transconductance amplifier symbol.svg|thumb|Schematic symbol for the OTA. Like the standard operational amplifier, it has both inverting (−) and noninverting (+) inputs; power supply lines (V+ and V−); and a single output. Unlike the traditional op-amp, it has two additional biasing inputs, I<sub>abc</sub> and I<sub>bias</sub>, explained in '''Basic operation''' and '''Subsequent improvements''', below.]]
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| The '''operational transconductance amplifier''' ('''OTA''') is an [[amplifier]] whose differential input voltage produces an output [[Electric current|current]]. Thus, it is a voltage controlled current source (VCCS). There is usually an additional input for a current to control the amplifier's [[transconductance]]. The OTA is similar to a standard [[operational amplifier]] in that it has a high [[Electrical impedance|impedance]] differential input stage and that it may be used with [[negative feedback]].<ref>Jung, W.G., ''IC Op-Amp Cookbook'' (Howard W. Sams -Bobs Merrill First Ed. 1974) p. 440 ''et seq.''</ref>
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| The first commercially available integrated circuit units were produced by [[RCA]] in 1969 (before being acquired by [[General Electric]]), in the form of the [http://www.intersil.com/data/fn/fn475.pdf CA3080], and they have been improved since that time. Although most units are constructed with bipolar transistors, field effect transistor units are also produced. The OTA is not as useful by itself in the vast majority of [[operational amplifier applications|standard op-amp functions]] as the ordinary op-amp because its output is a current. One of its principal uses is in implementing electronically controlled applications such as [[variable frequency oscillator]]s and filters and [[variable gain amplifier]] stages which are more difficult to implement with standard op-amps.
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| == Principal differences from standard operational amplifiers ==
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| * Its output of a ''current'' contrasts to that of standard operational amplifier whose output is a ''voltage''.
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| * It is usually used "open-loop"; without negative feedback in linear applications. This is possible because the magnitude of the resistance attached to its output controls its output voltage. Therefore a resistance can be chosen that keeps the output from going into [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Transwiki:Saturation_(telecommunications) saturation], even with high differential input voltages.
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| == Basic operation ==
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| In the ideal OTA, the output current is a linear function of the differential input voltage, calculated as follows:
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| :<math>I_\mathrm{out} = (V_\mathrm{in+} - V_\mathrm{in-}) \cdot g_\mathrm{m}</math>
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| where ''V''<sub>in+</sub> is the voltage at the non-inverting input, ''V''<sub>in−</sub> is the voltage at the inverting input and g<sub>m</sub> is the [[transconductance]] of the amplifier.
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| The amplifier's output voltage is the product of its output current and its load resistance:
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| :<math>V_\mathrm{out} = I_\mathrm{out} \cdot R_\mathrm{load}</math>
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| The voltage gain is then the output voltage divided by the differential input voltage:
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| :<math>G_\mathrm{voltage} = {V_\mathrm{out} \over (V_\mathrm{in+} - V_\mathrm{in-})} = R_\mathrm{load} \cdot g_\mathrm{m}</math>
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| The transconductance of the amplifier is usually controlled by an input current, denoted I<sub>abc</sub> ("amplifier bias current"). The amplifier's transconductance is directly proportional to this current. This is the feature that makes it useful for electronic control of amplifier gain, etc.
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| == Non-ideal characteristics ==
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| As with the standard op-amp, practical OTA's have some non-ideal characteristics. These include:
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| * Input stage [[non-linearity]] at higher differential input voltages due to the characteristics of the input stage transistors. In the early devices, such as the CA 3080, the input stage consisted of two bipolar transistors connected in the differential amplifier configuration. The transfer characteristics of this connection are approximately linear for differential input voltages of 20 mV or less.<ref>Jung, W.G., ''IC Array Cookbook''(Hayden, 1980) p. 40-41.</ref> This is an important limitation when the OTA is being used open loop as there is no negative feedback to linearize the output. One scheme to improve this parameter is mentioned below.
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| * Temperature sensitivity of transconductance.
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| * Variation of input and output impedance, input bias current and input offset voltage with the transconductance control current I<sub>abc</sub>.
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| ==Subsequent improvements==
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| Earlier versions of the OTA had neither the I<sub>bias</sub> terminal shown in the diagram nor the diodes shown adjacent to it. They were all added in later versions. As depicted in the diagram, the anodes of the diodes are attached together and the cathode of one is attached to the non inverting input (Vin+) and the cathode of the other to the inverting input (Vin−). The diodes are biased at the anodes by a current (I<sub>bias</sub>) that is injected into the I<sub>bias</sub> terminal. These additions make two substantial improvements to the OTA. First, when used with input resistors, the diodes distort the differential input voltage to offset a significant amount of input stage non linearity at higher differential input voltages. According to National Semiconductor, the addition of these diodes increases the linearity of the input stage by a factor of 4. That is, using the diodes, the signal distortion level at 80 mV of differential input is the same as that of the simple differential amplifier at a differential input of 20 mV.<ref>Data Sheet for LM 13700 – Graph of Distortion v. Differential Input Voltage (National Semiconductor, June 2004) p. 6.</ref> Second, the action of the biased diodes offsets much of the temperature sensitivity of the OTA's transconductance.
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| A second improvement is the integration of an optional-use output buffer amplifier to the chip on which the OTA resides. This is actually a convenience to a circuit designer rather than an improvement to the OTA itself; dispensing with the need to employ a separate buffer. It also allows the OTA to be used as a traditional op-amp, if desired, by converting its output current to a voltage.
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| An example of a chip combining both of these features is the National Semiconductor LM13600 and its successor, the [[LM13700]], the data sheet for which can be found here:<ref>http://cache.national.com/ds/LM/LM13700.pdf</ref>
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| ==Notes==
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| <references/>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Transimpedance amplifier]]
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| * [[Current differencing transconductance amplifier]]
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.schmitzbits.de/ota3080.html A Short Discussion of the Operational Transconductance Amplifier (OTA)]
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| * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084725/http://users.ece.gatech.edu/~lanterma/studentprojects/TeamOTAComparison.pdf Comparison of Operational Transconductance Amplifiers (content found on wayback machine)]{{Dead link|date=September 2013}}
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| * Examples: CA3080 [http://www.intersil.com/data/fn/fn475.pdf], MAX 435 [http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX435-MAX436.pdf], MAX 436 [http://pdfserv.maxim-ic.com/en/ds/MAX435-MAX436.pdf], LM13700 [http://www.national.com/ds/LM/LM13700.pdf], OPA860 [http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/opa860.pdf], OPA861 [http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/opa861.pdf].
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| [[Category:Electronic amplifiers]]
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| [[Category:Linear integrated circuits]]
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Hello and welcome. My name is Irwin and I completely dig that title. For many years I've been operating as a payroll clerk. Doing ceramics is what love doing. For a whilst she's been in South Dakota.
My website: at home std testing