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| In [[logic]], especially [[mathematical logic]], a '''signature''' lists and describes the [[non-logical symbol]]s of a [[formal language]]. In [[universal algebra]], a signature lists the operations that characterize an [[algebraic structure]]. In [[model theory]], signatures are used for both purposes.
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| Signatures play the same role in [[mathematics]] as [[type signature]]s in [[computer programming]]. They are rarely made explicit in more philosophical treatments of logic.
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| == Definition ==
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| Formally, a (single-sorted) '''signature''' can be defined as a triple σ = (''S''<sub>func</sub>, ''S''<sub>rel</sub>, ar), where ''S''<sub>func</sub> and ''S''<sub>rel</sub> are disjoint sets not containing any other basic logical symbols, called respectively
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| * ''function symbols'' (examples: +, ×, 0, 1) and
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| * ''relation symbols'' or ''predicates'' (examples: ≤, ∈),
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| and a function ar: ''S''<sub>func</sub> <math>\cup</math> ''S''<sub>rel</sub> → <math>\mathbb N_0</math> which assigns a non-negative integer called ''[[arity]]'' to every function or relation symbol. A function or relation symbol is called ''n''-ary if its arity is ''n''. A nullary (''0''-ary) function symbol is called a ''constant symbol''.
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| A signature with no function symbols is called a '''relational signature''', and a signature with no relation symbols is called an '''algebraic signature'''. A '''finite signature''' is a signature such that ''S''<sub>func</sub> and ''S''<sub>rel</sub> are finite. More generally, the '''cardinality''' of a signature σ = (''S''<sub>func</sub>, ''S''<sub>rel</sub>, ar) is defined as |σ| = |''S''<sub>func</sub>| + |''S''<sub>rel</sub>|.
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| The '''language of a signature''' is the set of all well formed sentences built from the symbols in that signature together with the symbols in the logical system.
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| == Other conventions ==
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| In universal algebra the word '''type''' or '''similarity type''' is often used as a synonym for "signature". In model theory, a signature σ is often called '''vocabulary''', or identified with the [[first-order language|(first-order) language]] ''L'' to which it provides the [[non-logical symbols]]. However, the [[cardinality]] of the language ''L'' will always be infinite; if σ is finite then |L| will be [[Aleph-naught|ℵ<sub>0</sub>]].
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| As the formal definition is inconvenient for everyday use, the definition of a specific signature is often abbreviated in an informal way, as in:
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| :"The standard signature for [[abelian group]]s is σ = (+,–,0), where – is a unary operator."
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| Sometimes an algebraic signature is regarded as just a list of arities, as in:
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| :"The similarity type for abelian groups is σ = (2,1,0)."
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| Formally this would define the function symbols of the signature as something like ''f''<sub>0</sub> (nullary), ''f''<sub>1</sub> (unary) and ''f''<sub>2</sub> (binary), but in reality the usual names are used even in connection with this convention.
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| In [[mathematical logic]], very often symbols are not allowed to be nullary, so that constant symbols must be treated separately rather than as nullary function symbols. They form a set ''S''<sub>const</sub> disjoint from ''S''<sub>func</sub>, on which the arity function ''ar'' is not defined. However, this only serves to complicate matters, especially in proofs by induction over the structure of a formula, where an additional case must be considered. Any nullary relation symbol, which is also not allowed under such a definition, can be emulated by a unary relation symbol together with a sentence expressing that its value is the same for all elements. This translation fails only for empty structures (which are often excluded by convention). If nullary symbols are allowed, then every formula of [[propositional logic]] is also a formula of [[first-order logic]].
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| == Use of signatures in logic and algebra ==
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| In the context of [[first-order logic]], the symbols in a signature are also known as the [[non-logical symbols]], because together with the logical symbols they form the underlying alphabet over which two [[formal language]]s are inductively defined: The set of ''terms'' over the signature and the set of (well-formed) ''formulas'' over the signature.
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| In a [[structure (mathematical logic)|structure]], an ''interpretation'' ties the function and relation symbols to mathematical objects that justify their names: The interpretation of an ''n''-ary function symbol ''f'' in a structure '''''A''''' with ''domain'' ''A'' is a function ''f<sup>'''A'''</sup>'': ''A<sup>n</sup>'' → ''A'', and the interpretation of an ''n''-ary relation symbol is a relation ''R<sup>'''A'''</sup>'' ⊆ ''A<sup>n</sup>''. Here ''A''<sup>''n''</sup> = ''A'' × ''A'' × ... × ''A'' denotes the ''n''-fold [[cartesian product]] of the domain ''A'' with itself, and so ''f'' is in fact an ''n''-ary function, and ''R'' an ''n''-ary relation.
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| == Many-sorted signatures ==
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| For many-sorted logic and for [[structure (mathematical logic)#Many-sorted structures|many-sorted structures]] signatures must encode information about the sorts. The most straightforward way of doing this is via '''symbol types''' that play the role of generalized arities.<ref>[http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20070929131504/http://react.cs.uni-sb.de/%7Ezarba/snow/ch01.pdf Many-Sorted Logic], the first chapter in [http://replay.waybackmachine.org/20081006212815/http://react.cs.uni-sb.de/~zarba/notes.html Lecture notes on Decision Procedures], written by [http://theory.stanford.edu/~zarba/ Calogero G. Zarba].</ref>
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| ;Symbol types
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| Let ''S'' be a set (of sorts) not containing the symbols × or →.
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| The symbol types over ''S'' are certain words over the alphabet ''S'' <math>\cup</math> {×, →}: the relational symbol types ''s''<sub>1</sub> × ... × ''s''<sub>''n''</sub>, and the functional symbol types ''s''<sub>1</sub> × ... × ''s''<sub>''n''</sub>→''s<nowiki>'</nowiki>'', for non-negative integers ''n'' and ''s''<sub>1</sub>,''s''<sub>2</sub>,...,''s''<sub>''n''</sub>,''s<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' <math>\in</math> ''S''. (For ''n'' = 0, the expression ''s''<sub>1</sub> × ... × ''s''<sub>''n''</sub> denotes the empty word.)
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| ;Signature
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| A (many-sorted) signature is a triple (''S'', ''P'', type) consisting of
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| * a set ''S'' of sorts,
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| * a set ''P'' of symbols, and
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| * a map type which associates to every symbol in ''P'' a symbol type over ''S''.
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| == Notes ==
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| <references/>
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| == References ==
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| * {{ cite book | last=Burris | first =Stanley N. | coauthors=Sankappanavar, H.P. | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | title=A Course in Universal Algebra | year=1981 | isbn=3-540-90578-2 }} [http://www.thoralf.uwaterloo.ca/htdocs/ualg.html Free online edition].
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| * {{ cite book | last=Hodges | first=Wilfrid | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | title=A shorter model theory | year=1997 | isbn=0-521-58713-1 }}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]: "[http://www.seop.leeds.ac.uk/entries/model-theory/ Model theory]" -- by [[Wilfred Hodges]].
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| * [http://planetmath.org/ PlanetMath:] Entry "[http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/Signature.html Signature]" describes the concept for the case when no sorts are introduced.
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| * [http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqejb/algspec/pr.html Baillie, Jean], "[http://homepages.feis.herts.ac.uk/~comqejb/algspec/pr.html An Introduction to the Algebraic Specification of Abstract Data Types.]"
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| [[Category:Model theory]]
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| [[Category:Universal algebra]]
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