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[[File:Henry Savile.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=A tall elderly man with a beard, wearing long black robes and a large white ruff.  He is standing with a fan in his right hand and with his left hand resting on books on a table.|[[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Sir Henry Savile]], founder of the professorship]]
The position of '''Savilian Professor of Geometry ''' was established at the [[University of Oxford]] in 1619.  It was founded (at the same time as the [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy|Savilian Professorship of Astronomy]]) by [[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Sir Henry Savile]], a mathematician and [[classics|classical scholar]] who was [[Warden (college)|Warden]] of [[Merton College, Oxford]] and [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of [[Eton College]], reacting to what has been described as "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England" at that time.<ref name=Maths1/> He appointed [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]] as the first professor. [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh|Edward Titchmarsh]] (professor 1931–63) said when applying that he was not prepared to lecture on geometry, and the requirement was removed from the duties of the post to enable his appointment, although the title of the chair was not changed. The two Savilian chairs have been linked with professorial [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowships]] at [[New College, Oxford]] since the late 19th century. Before then, for over 175 years until the middle of the 19th century, the geometry professors had an official residence adjoining the college in [[New College Lane]].
 
There have been 19 professors; [[Nigel Hitchin]], the current holder of the chair (as of January 2014), was appointed in 1997. He is one of sixteen statutory professors in the Mathematical Institute of the university, and a member of the institute's Geometry Group of researchers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Statutory Professors|url=http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/about/statutory-professors|publisher=Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford|date=4 April 2012|accessdate=25 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/groups/geometry/members|title=Geometry Members|publisher=Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford|accessdate=22 March 2010}}</ref> The post has been held by a number of distinguished mathematicians. Briggs helped to develop the [[common logarithm]], described as "one of the most useful systems for mathematics".<ref name=Briggs/> The third professor, [[John Wallis]], introduced the use of <math>\infty</math> for [[infinity]], and was regarded as "one of the leading mathematicians of his time".<ref name=Wallis/> Both [[Edmond Halley]], who successfully predicted the return of the [[Halley's comet|comet named in his honour]], and his successor [[Nathaniel Bliss]] held the post of [[Astronomer Royal]] in addition to the professorship. [[Stephen Peter Rigaud|Stephen Rigaud]] (professor 1810–1827) has been called "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation".<ref name=Rigaud/> The life and work of [[James Joseph Sylvester|James Sylvester]] (professor 1883–1894) was commemorated by the [[Royal Society]] by the inauguration of the [[Sylvester Medal]]; this was won by a later professor, [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh|Edward Titchmarsh]]. Two professors, Sylvester and [[Michael Atiyah]] (professor 1963–1969), have been awarded the [[Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society; Atiyah also won the [[Fields Medal]] while he was professor.
 
==Foundation and duties==
[[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Sir Henry Savile]], the [[Warden (college)|Warden]] of [[Merton College, Oxford]] and [[Provost (education)|Provost]] of [[Eton College]], was deeply saddened by "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England",<ref name=Maths1/> and so founded professorships in geometry and [[astronomy]] at the [[University of Oxford]] in 1619; both chairs were named after him. He also donated his books to the university's [[Bodleian Library]] "for the use chiefly of mathematical readers".<ref name=Maths1>{{cite web|url=http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/about/history|title=Oxford Mathematics and Mathematicians|first=I. W.|last=Busbridge|publisher=Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford|date=August 1974|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref> He required the professors to be men of good character, at least 26 years old, and to have "imbibed the purer philosophy from the springs of [[Aristotle]] and [[Plato]]" before acquiring a thorough knowledge of science.<ref name=Savile/> The professors could come from any Christian country, but he specified that a professor from England should have a [[Master of Arts (Oxbridge and Dublin)|Master of Arts]] degree as a minimum.<ref name=Historical>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalregist00univuoft#page/50/mode/2up/search/bodley|page=51|title=Savilian Professors of Geometry and Astronomy|work=The historical register of the University of Oxford : being a supplement to the Oxford University calendar, with an alphabetical record of University honours and distinctions completed to the end of Trinity term 1888 |year=1888|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford}}</ref> He wanted students to be educated in the works of the leading scientists of the ancient world, saying that the professor of geometry should teach [[Euclid]]'s ''[[Euclid's Elements|Elements]]'', [[Apollonius of Perga|Apollonius]]'s ''Conics'', and the works of [[Archimedes]]; tuition in [[trigonometry]] was to be shared by the two professors.  As many students would have had little mathematical knowledge, the professors were also permitted to provide instruction in basic mathematics in English (as opposed to Latin, the language used in education at Oxford at the time).<ref name=Savile/>
 
==Appointment==
Savile's first choice for the professorship of geometry was [[Edmund Gunter]], [[Gresham Professor of Astronomy|Professor of Astronomy]] at [[Gresham College]], London. It was reported that Gunter demonstrated the use of his [[sector (instrument)|sector]] and [[quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]], but Savile regarded this as "showing of tricks" rather than geometry, and instead appointed [[Henry Briggs (mathematician)|Henry Briggs]], the [[Gresham Professor of Geometry]], in 1619.<ref name=Savile>{{cite web|first=R. D.|last=Goulding|title=Savile, Sir Henry (1549–1622)|work=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|date=January 2008 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24737|accessdate=25 February 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> Briggs took up the chair in 1620 at an annual salary of £150 (approximately £{{formatnum:{{inflation|UK|150|1620|r=-3}}}} in present day terms){{inflation-fn|UK}} and thus became the first person to hold the first two mathematical chairs established in Britain.<ref name=Maths1/><ref name=Briggs/>
 
Savile reserved to himself the right to appoint the professors during his lifetime.  After his death, he provided that vacancies should be filled by a majority of a group of "most distinguished persons":<ref name=ch6/> the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the [[Lord Chancellor]], the [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford|Chancellor]] of the university, the [[Bishop of London]], the [[Secretary of State (England)|Secretary of State]], the [[Chief Justice of the Common Pleas]], the [[Chief Justice of the King's Bench]], the [[Chief Baron of the Exchequer]] and the [[Dean of Arches|Dean of the Court of Arches]]. The [[Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford|Vice-Chancellor]] of the university was to inform the electors of any vacancy, and could be summoned to advise them.  The appointment could either be made straight away, or delayed for some months to see whether "any eminent mathematician can be allured" from abroad.<ref name=ch6>{{cite book|title=Oxford University Statutes Volume 1 – containing the Caroline Code or Laudian Statutes promulgated A.D. 1630|others=trans. Ward, G. R. M. |location=London|publisher=William Pickering|year=1845|chapter=Savilian Statutes chapter 6|pages=277–278|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/statutes00oxfogoog#page/n344/mode/1up/search/Bishop+of+London |accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>
 
As part of reforms of the university in the 19th century, the University of Oxford commissioners laid down new statutes for the chair in 1881. The professor was to "lecture and give instruction in pure and analytical Geometry", and was to be a [[Oxbridge Fellow|Fellow]] of [[New College, Oxford|New College]].<ref name=Statute/> The electors for the professorship were to be the Warden of New College (or a person nominated by the college in his place), the [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford]], the President of the [[Royal Society]], the [[Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy]] at Oxford, the [[Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]], a person nominated by the university council and one other nominated by New College.<ref name=Statute>{{cite book| url=http://www.archive.org/stream/statutesmadeforu00univuoft#page/68/mode/2up/search/geometry|title=Statutes made for the University of Oxford and for the Colleges and Halls therein, in pursuance of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877, approved by the Queen in Council|year=1883|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|page=69}}</ref> [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh|Edward Titchmarsh]] (professor from 1931 to 1963) said when applying that he was not prepared to lecture on geometry, and the requirement was removed from the duties of the professor to enable his appointment, although the title of the chair was not changed.<ref name=Titchmarsh/> Changes to the university's internal legislation in the 20th and early 21st centuries abolished specific statutes for the duties of, and rules for appointment to, individual chairs such as the Savilian professorships. The University Council is now empowered to make appropriate arrangements for appointments and conditions of service, with the college to which any professorship is allocated (New College in the case of the Savilian chairs) to have two representatives on the board of electors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/375-092.shtml|publisher=University of Oxford|title=Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University|date=16 June 2003|accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/788-121.shtml|title=Statute XIV: Employment of Academic and Support Staff by the University|date=18 December 2009|publisher=University of Oxford|accessdate=8 March 2010}}</ref>
 
==Professors' house==
[[John Wallis]] (professor 1649–1703) rented a house from New College on [[New College Lane]] from 1672 until his death in 1703; at some point, it was divided into two houses.  Towards the end of his life, [[David Gregory (mathematician)|David Gregory]] (the Savilian Professor of Astronomy) lived in the eastern part of the premises: although no lease between Wallis and Gregory survives (if one was ever made between the two friends), Gregory's name appears for the first time in the parish rate-book of 1701.  Wallis's son gave the unexpired portion of the lease to the university in 1704 in honour of his father's long tenure of the chair, to provide official residences for the two Savilian professors. New College renewed the lease at a low rent from 1716 and thereafter at intervals until the last renewal in 1814. Records of who lived in each house are not available throughout the period, but surviving documentation shows that the professors often sub-let the houses and for about twenty years in the early 18th century the premises were being used as a lodging house. [[Stephen Peter Rigaud|Stephen Rigaud]] lived there from 1810 until he became the astronomy professor in 1827; thereafter, [[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] lived there with his family.  The geometry professors were associated with the houses for longer than the astronomy professors: when the [[Radcliffe Observatory]] was built in 1770s, the post of Radcliffe Observer was coupled to the astronomy professorship, and they were provided with a house in that role; thereafter, the university sublet the astronomy professor's house itself. In the early 19th century, New College decided that it wished to use the properties for itself and the lease expired in 1854.<ref name=House/>
 
==List of professors==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Details about the professors
! scope="column" width=12%|Name
! scope="column" width=7%|Years
! scope="column" width=12%|Education<ref group="n">At the University of Oxford, unless otherwise indicated</ref>
! scope="column" width=12%|College as Professor
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Henry|Briggs|Henry Briggs (mathematician)}}
|align="center"|1619–31
|{{hs|Cambridge, St John}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]])
|[[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]{{#tag:ref|Briggs resided at Merton, and [[Matriculation#Incorporation|incorporated]] as a member of the university through it, but was not a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]].<ref name=Briggs/><ref name=List>{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/historicalregis01oxfogoog#page/n55/mode/2up/search/savilian|title=The historical register of the University of Oxford|year=1900|page=53|accessdate=11 March 2010|location=Oxford|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref>|group="n"}}
|Briggs was a lecturer in mathematics and in physic (medicine) at Cambridge, also becoming the first professor of geometry at [[Gresham College]], London, in 1597. He had become acquainted with the principles of [[Napier's logarithm]] by 1615: logarithms aided the calculations of astronomy and navigation that were carried out at Gresham since they allowed multiplication of multi-digit numbers to be carried out through the addition of their logarithms.  The innovation that Briggs suggested to Napier was to use steps of 10 (the [[common logarithm]]). After two visits by Briggs to [[John Napier]] in Edinburgh, they agreed a redefinition of the logarithm process, but Napier wrote in 1617 that the calculations would have to be carried out by others, including Briggs, because of his own ill health. Briggs is regarded as having created "one of the most useful systems for mathematics".<ref name=Briggs/> In 1624, his main work, ''Arithmetica logarithmica'', was published with calculations of the logarithms of 1 to 20,000 and 90,001 to 100,000 to fourteen decimal places. He died in Merton in 1631 and was buried in the choir of [[Merton College Chapel|Merton College chapel]].<ref name=Briggs>{{cite web|first=Wolfgang |last=Kaunzner|title=Briggs, Henry (bap. 1561, d. 1631)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3407|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Peter|Turner|Peter Turner (mathematician)}}
|align="center"|1631–48
|{{hs|Oxford, St Mary Hall}}[[St Mary Hall, Oxford|St Mary Hall]] and [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]
|[[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]
|Turner succeeded Briggs as professor of geometry at [[Gresham College]], London, in 1620; he succeeded him in the Savilian professorship and resigned as Gresham professor in 1631. Before this, he had been asked by [[William Laud]] ([[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford]]) to help draft new statutes to govern the university; the final draft was his work, and was published in 1634. During the [[English Civil War]], he fought on the side of the [[Cavalier|Royalists]] and was captured near [[Stow-on-the-Wold]] in 1641; he was imprisoned in [[Southwark]] until an exchange of prisoners in 1643.  He was evicted from his [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowship]] at Merton and from the professorship by the [[Parliamentary visitation of the University of Oxford|Parliamentary visitors]] in charge of the university in 1648, and died in poverty in 1652. He appears to have published little of substance, despite a good contemporary reputation as a mathematician and [[classics|classical scholar]].<ref name=Turner>{{cite web|first=E. I.|last=Carlyle|title=Turner, Peter (1586–1652)|coauthors=Higton, H. K. |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/27857|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|John|Wallis}}
|align="center"|1649–1703
|{{hs|Cambridge, Emma}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College]])
|[[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]{{#tag:ref|Wallis incorporated as a member of the university through Exeter College, but was not a fellow of the college.<ref name=Wallis/><ref name=List/>|group="n"}}
|Before he entered Cambridge, Wallis was taught some mathematics at the age of 15 by his elder brother. He later claimed to have been self-taught in mathematics thereafter, saying in his autobiography that he had studied it as "a pleasing Diversion, at spare hours", adding that it then was regarded as more for "Traders, Merchants, Seamen, Carpenters, Surveyors of Lands, or the like" than as a subject for academical study at university level.<ref name=Wallis/> He developed an interest in [[cryptography]], working on behalf of the [[Cavaliers|Parliamentarians]] during the [[English Civil War]]. He was one of the founding members of the [[Royal Society]], writing over sixty papers and book reviews for it. After his appointment to the chair, he developed his mathematical skills such that he became "one of the leading mathematicians of his time":<ref name=Wallis/> he introduced <math>\infty</math> as the sign for [[infinity]], influenced [[Isaac Newton]] with his writings, and took part in various mathematical debates with scholars such as [[Blaise Pascal]] and [[Thomas Hobbes]]. He was appointed keeper of the university archives in 1658, and was continued in his posts after [[the Restoration]] of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] in 1660, until his death at the age of 86.<ref name=Wallis>{{cite web|first=Domenico Bertoloni |last=Meli|title=Wallis, John (1616–1703)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2007 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28572|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Edmond|Halley}}
|align="center"|1704–42
|{{hs|Oxford, Queens}}[[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]
|{{hs|Queen}}[[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]{{#tag:ref|Halley was a member of Queen's, but not appointed to a fellowship.<ref name=List/><ref name=Halley/>|group="n"}}
|Halley, who later calculated the orbit of what became known as [[Halley's comet]], was already in correspondence with European astronomers as an undergraduate, writing three scientific papers in this time. He left Oxford to travel to [[St Helena]] for the 1677 [[transit of Mercury]], so that he could calculate the distance of the sun; his work brought him a leading reputation in Europe and election to the [[Royal Society]] aged 22. He questioned [[Isaac Newton]] on the orbits of the planets, leading Newton to renew his study of the topic and write his ''[[Principia Mathematica (Newton)|Principia Mathematica]]'' in 1687; Halley supervised and paid for its publication. He failed to be appointed as [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]] in 1691, but was appointed by Newton to a position in the [[Royal Mint]] instead. His own works included discussion of rainbows, optics and barometers, and he calculated the site of [[Caesar's invasions of Britain|Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain]] by reference to the tides. He also carried out navigational surveys on behalf of the [[Royal Navy]] and drew up tables calculating the positions of the sun, moon and planets for many centuries. He was appointed [[Astronomer Royal]] in 1721.<ref name=Halley>{{cite web|first=Alan|last=Cook|authorlink=Alan Cook|title=Halley, Edmond (1656–1742)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2009 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12011|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Nathaniel|Bliss}}
|align="center"|1742–64
|{{hs|Oxford, Pembroke}}[[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]]
|[[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]]{{#tag:ref|Bliss was a member of Pembroke, but not appointed to a fellowship.<ref name=List/><ref name=Bliss/>|group="n"}}
|Bliss was appointed [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of [[St Ebbe's Church, Oxford]], in 1736. When he applied to succeed Halley, his supporters included [[James Bradley]] (the [[Astronomer Royal]]) and [[Robert Smith (mathematician)|Robert Smith]] ([[Plumian Professor of Astronomy and Experimental Philosophy|professor of astronomy]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]). As professor, he established an [[observatory]] (the fourth in the city) by attaching his instruments to a part of [[Oxford city wall]] near his official house. He provided astronomical measurements to Bradley and [[George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield]], who had an observatory at [[Shirburn Castle]]. Bliss succeeded Bradley as Astronomer Royal in 1762, but died suddenly in 1764.<ref name=Bliss>{{cite web|first=Anita |last=McConnell|title=Bliss, Nathaniel (1700–1764)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2653|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Joseph|Betts}}
|align="center"|1765–66
|{{hs|Oxford, Univ}}[[University College, Oxford|University College]]
|[[University College, Oxford|University College]]
|Betts tried and failed to be elected as [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]] in 1763, the post going to [[Thomas Hornsby]] instead. His supporters at that election included [[George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield]] (the university's [[Chancellor of the University of Oxford|Chancellor]]), [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute]] (Prime Minister 1762–1763), and [[George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax]] ([[Secretary of State for the Southern Department|Secretary of State]]). He expressed his thanks to them in the dedication of a print of the [[annular solar eclipse]] of 1 April 1764.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emu.mhs.ox.ac.uk/Display.php?irn=5610&QueryPage=|publisher=[[Museum of the History of Science, Oxford]]|title=Print of the Annular Solar Eclipse of 1 April, 1764, by Joseph Betts, engraved by Cole, Oxford, c. 1764|date=3 April 2008|accessdate=25 February 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|John|Smith|John Smith (British mathematician)}}
|align="center"|1766–96
|{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] and [[St Mary Hall, Oxford|St Mary Hall]]
|[[St Mary Hall, Oxford|St Mary Hall]]
|Smith studied at Balliol from 1744 onwards, receiving his [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in 1748, his [[MA (Oxon)|Master of Arts]] degree in 1751 and his [[Bachelor of Medicine]] degree in 1753.  He obtained his [[Doctor of Medicine]] degree as a member of St Mary Hall, and was working as a doctor in [[Cheltenham]] in 1784, when [[Abraham Robertson]] deputised for him.<ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Joseph|authorlink=Joseph Foster (genealogist)|publisher=James Parker & Co|location=London|title=Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 Volume 4: S–Z|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/alumnioxonienses04univuoft#page/1316/mode/2up/search/geometry|page=1316|isbn=978-1-85506-843-8 (reprint)|year=1891/92}}</ref><ref name=Robertson/> Smith built a stable and a small tenement behind his official house, destroying part of the medieval city wall as he did so, and bequeathed both additions to his successors in the chair in a "rather pompous" clause in his will.<ref name=House>{{cite journal|title=The Savilian Professors' Houses and Halley's Observatory at Oxford|first=H. E. |last=Bell|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 16, No. 2 |date=November 1961|volume=16|issue=2|pages=179–186|publisher=[[Royal Society|The Royal Society]]|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/530886|accessdate=26 February 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Abraham|Robertson}}
|align="center"|1797–1810
|{{hs|Oxford, Christ}}[[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]
|[[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]{{#tag:ref|Robertson was a chaplain of Christ Church before the college appointed him as vicar of a parish in Northampton, but he continued to reside in Oxford; he was not appointed to a college fellowship.<ref name=Robertson/>|group="n"}}
|Robertson started studying at Oxford aged 24, having previously unsuccessfully run an evening school in Oxford for mechanics. He was supported by John Smith, and deputised for him in 1784 as Smith was working as a doctor in [[Cheltenham]]. He was well-regarded as a lecturer, noted for his clarity and the assistance he gave in encouraging students. He was elected as a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1795 to mark his work on [[conic section]]s (the subject of his main work, ''Sectionum conicarum libri septem'', in 1792) and his "literary attainments and diligence in the pursuit of science".<ref name=Robertson/> He also oversaw publication of an edition of the works of [[Archimedes]]. He succeeded Smith in 1797, and became [[Savilian professor of astronomy]] in 1810.<ref name=Robertson>{{cite web|first=W. F. |last=Sedgwick|title=Robertson, Abram (1751–1826)|coauthors=Yoshioka, Alan|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher= Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23782|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Foster|first=Joseph|title=Alumni Oxonienses: The Members of the University of Oxford, 1715–1886 Volume 3: L–R|publisher=James Parker & Co|location=London|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/alumnioxoniense01oxfogoog#page/n468/mode/1up/search/Savilian|page=1209|isbn=978-1-85506-843-8 (reprint)|year=1891/92}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Stephen|Rigaud|Stephen Peter Rigaud}}
|align="center"|1810–27
|{{hs|Oxford, Exeter}}[[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]
|align="center"|—{{#tag:ref|Rigaud was a fellow of Exeter College until 1810; thereafter he is not recorded as holding a college appointment.<ref name=Rigaud/><ref name=List/>|group="n"}}
|Rigaud, whose father was the observer at [[Kew Observatory]], made his first recorded observations in astronomy when at Exeter College, and was elected to a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowship]] of the college when still an undergraduate. From about 1805, he substituted for [[Thomas Hornsby]], [[Savilian Professor of Astronomy]] and [[Dr Lee's Professor of Experimental Philosophy|reader in experimental philosophy]], because of Hornsby's illness. When Robertson succeeded Hornsby in 1810, Rigaud was appointed to the geometry chair; he succeeded his father at Kew in 1814, becoming joint observer with his grandfather. He succeeded Robertson in the astronomy and experimental philosophy positions in 1827. His wife died in the same year, and Rigaud devoted himself to his children and his work; he has been described as "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation", and as "renowned for his personal and scholarly integrity".<ref name=Rigaud>{{cite web|first=Roger|last=Hutchins|title=Rigaud, Stephen Peter (1774–1839)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23642|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Baden|Powell|Baden Powell (mathematician)}}
|align="center"|1827–60
|{{hs|Oxford, Oriel}}[[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]]
|align="center"|—{{#tag:ref|Powell is not recorded as holding a college appointment.<ref name=List/><ref name=Powell/>|group="n"}}
|Powell carried out experiments in the areas of heat and light when he was a parish priest in Kent and London, although he found it difficult to keep abreast with mathematical advances in physics and some of the papers he offered to the [[Royal Society]] in the 1830s had considerable mistakes. He resigned his parish position when appointed to the chair, and was an active member of scientific organisations and commissions, with many publications to his credit. He was also noted for his stance on theological issues, opposing the work of the [[Oxford movement]] (a group within the [[Church of England]], sometimes referred to as "Tractarians", who aimed to reform the church by reasserting its links with the early Catholic church), denying miracles and defending the theories of [[Charles Darwin]]. He advocated reform within the university, including improving the position of scientific studies, but opposition to his stance left him isolated at Oxford. He moved to London in 1854, and mixed with leading individuals from science and literature.  One of his sons was [[Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell|Robert Baden-Powell]], the founder of the [[Scout Movement]].<ref name=Powell>{{cite web|first=Pietro |last=Corsi|title=Powell, Baden (1796–1860)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22642|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Henry |Smith|Henry John Stephen Smith}}
|align="center"|1861–83
|{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
|[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] and [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]]{{#tag:ref|Smith carried on lecturing in mathematics at Balliol for financial reasons until 1871, when he was appointed to a [[sinecure]] fellowship at Corpus Christi; he was made an honorary fellow of Balliol as well.<ref name="Henry Smith"/>|group="n"}}
|Smith's undergraduate studies at Oxford were interrupted by [[smallpox]] and [[malaria]], but he studied in Paris during his convalescence and obtained first-class degrees in [[literae humaniores|classics]] and also in mathematics in the same year. A fellow and lecturer in mathematics at Balliol, Smith also oversaw the college's laboratory and taught chemistry; he also arranged for lectures in mathematics to be given jointly with other colleges, a system that was adopted by other colleges and subjects and later grew into a university-based lecture system. From 1874, he was also Keeper of the [[Oxford University Museum of Natural History]]. He was heavily involved with university committees, advocating the place of science and mathematics at Oxford, and with [[royal commission]]s on scientific instruction and on universities. His mathematical research in geometry, [[elliptic function]] theory and (in particular) [[number theory]] was highly regarded.<ref name="Henry Smith">{{cite web|first=Keith |last=Hannabuss|title=Smith, Henry John Stephen (1826–1883)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2006 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/25813|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|James|Sylvester|James Joseph Sylvester}}
|align="center"|1883–94
|{{hs|London}}[[University of London]] and [[University of Cambridge]] ([[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]])
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Sylvester started at the University of London aged 14 but left after allegedly assaulting another student; he later studied at Cambridge and was [[Second Wrangler]] (second in the university mathematics examinations) but could not be awarded a degree or prizes, or be made a college [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]], because he was Jewish. He then became professor of natural philosophy at [[University College, London]] for three years before moving to the [[University of Virginia]] in 1841, resigning after a dispute with university authorities in 1842. Back in England, he worked as an [[actuary]], carrying out mathematical research in [[elimination theory]] in his spare time, before appointment as professor of mathematics at [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], in 1855. After compulsory retirement aged 55, he spent a few years writing poetry and enjoying his [[Gentlemen's club|club]] before returning to the United States in 1876 as professor of mathematics at the newly opened [[Johns Hopkins University]], in [[Baltimore, Maryland]]. The move reinvigorated his research on [[invariant theory]] and [[Matrix (mathematics)|matrix theory]]; he published the results in the ''[[American Journal of Mathematics]]'', which he founded. During this time, he was awarded the [[Copley Medal]] by the [[Royal Society]]. Homesick, he applied for the Savilian professorship (Oxford having lifted the bar on Jewish academics) and resigned from Johns Hopkins before receiving news of his appointment. He delayed his inaugural lecture until 1885 because he had difficulty finding a suitable topic. With his health failing, a deputy was appointed for him in 1892; he resigned in 1894.  The Royal Society inaugurated the [[Sylvester Medal]] in his honour in 1901.<ref name=Sylvester>{{cite web|first=Karen |last=Hunger Parshall|authorlink=Karen Parshall|title=Sylvester, James Joseph (1814–1897)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26872|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|William|Esson}}
|align="center"|1897–1916
|{{hs|Oxford, St John}}[[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Esson, a [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellow]] of [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]] from 1860, acted as deputy professor from 1894 until his appointment in 1897, when he became a fellow of New College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Esson, William|work=[[Who Was Who|Who Was Who, 1920–2008]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=December 2007 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U196116|accessdate=1 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> His work with [[Augustus George Vernon Harcourt|Augustus Harcourt]] on the rate of chemical change (published in three papers in the ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]'', spread over 30 years) led to the award of [[Fellow of the Royal Society|fellowship of the Royal Society]] in 1869; one obituary notice said that the remainder of his publications were "neither numerous nor of great importance."<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|page=299|date=February 1917|title=William Esson|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 77|publisher=Royal Astronomical Society|bibcode=1917MNRAS..77..299.}}</ref> In his obituary, ''[[The Times]]'' called him "a distinguished veteran in mathematical science", who had "devoted himself to higher mathematics and its connexions with natural science with eminent success".<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times|title=Death of Professor Esson&nbsp;– Mathematician and Man of Business|date=28 August 1916|page=9}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|G. H.|Hardy|G. H. Hardy}}
|align="center"|1919–31
|{{hs|Cambridge, Trinity}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]])
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Hardy was awarded a prize [[Oxbridge Fellow|fellowship]] at Trinity College in 1900, and published the first of his research papers (which eventually totalled over 350) in the same year. His collaboration with [[J. E. Littlewood]] began in 1911, a partnership described as "the most famous in the history of mathematics",<ref name=Hardy/> with more than 100 joint papers on topics such as distribution of [[prime number]]s, [[mathematical analysis]], [[analytic number theory]], and solving the [[Waring problem]]. He also worked with the Indian mathematical prodigy [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]. He was a friend and colleague of the philosopher [[Bertrand Russell]] and was upset by Russell's treatment by Cambridge for his pacifist views during the First World War. He was happier in Oxford, but returned to Cambridge in 1931 to take up the position of [[Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics]]. His contribution to [[population genetics]] is known as the [[Hardy–Weinberg principle]], described by a biographer of Hardy (the Cambridge mathematician [[Béla Bollobás]]) as one of the few exceptions to Hardy's claim that nothing he had done, "for good or ill", had made or was likely to make "the least difference to the amenity of the world".<ref name=Hardy>{{cite web|first=Béla |last=Bollobás|title=Hardy, Godfrey Harold (1877–1947)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33706|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Edward|Titchmarsh|Edward Charles Titchmarsh}}
|align="center"|1931–63
|{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Titchmarsh studied with Hardy and acted as his secretary before obtaining a lectureship at [[University College, London]] in 1923; he was also a non-resident fellow of [[Magdalen College, Oxford]] between 1924 and 1930. He was professor of pure mathematics at the [[University of Liverpool]] from 1929 until succeeding Hardy at Oxford in 1931. As Titchmarsh (unlike Hardy) had said when applying that he was unwilling to lecture on geometry, one of the requirements of the Oxford chair, the stipulation was removed for him. He was a leading figure in Oxford mathematics thereafter, publishing extensively and winning the [[Sylvester Medal]] of the [[Royal Society]] in 1955, but had little enthusiasm for lecturing.<ref name=Titchmarsh>{{cite web|first=M. L.|last=Cartwright|title=Titchmarsh, Edward Charles (1899–1963)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36526|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Michael|Atiyah}}
|align="center"|1963–69
|{{hs|Cambridge, Trinity}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]])
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Atiyah taught and carried out research in Cambridge and in the United States (at [[Princeton University]], [[New Jersey]]). He then moved to Oxford in 1961, initially as a [[Oxbridge Fellow|Fellow]] of [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]] and [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in Mathematics, before he succeeded Titchmarsh. He moved back to Princeton to take up a chair in 1969, although returned to Oxford in 1973 as Royal Society Research Professor.  In 1990, he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge (a post he held until 1997), and was later President of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]] (2005–2008). He was knighted in 1983 and made a member of the [[Order of Merit]] in 1992.  Mathematical awards include the [[Fields Medal]] (1966) for his work on [[K-theory]] and the [[Atiyah–Singer index theorem]] (work which has been used by [[theoretical physics|theoretical physicists]]) and the [[Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society (1988).<ref>{{cite web|title=Atiyah, Sir Michael (Francis)|work=[[Who's Who|Who's Who 2010]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date= November 2009 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U5927|accessdate=1 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Michael Francis Atiyah|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Atiyah.html|first=J. J. |last=O'Connor |coauthors=Robertson, E. F. |date=April 1998|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, [[University of St Andrews]]|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Ioan|James}}
|align="center"|1970–95
|{{hs|Oxford, Queens}}[[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|After studying at Oxford, James moved to the United States to carry out research at [[Princeton University]] in [[New Jersey]] and at [[University of California, Berkeley]], returning to a research fellowship at [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]]. In 1957, James became [[Reader (academic rank)|Reader]] in Pure Mathematics at Oxford, and also was a Senior Research Fellow at [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]] from 1959 until his appointment to the Savilian professorship in 1970.  He retired in 1995, becoming professor emeritus. His research topics were in the field of [[topology]], especially [[homotopy]], and he has also written on the history of topology and edited a journal on the subject.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ioan Mackenzie James|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/James.html|first=J. J. |last=O'Connor |coauthors=Robertson, E. F. |date=September 2009|publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Richard|Taylor|Richard Taylor (mathematician)}}
|align="center"|1995–96
|{{hs|Cambridge, Clare}}[[University of Cambridge]] ([[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]])
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Taylor studied at Cambridge and in the United States at [[Princeton University]], [[New Jersey]], before becoming a fellow of Clare College in 1988. He moved to Oxford in 1995, but resigned after one year to take up a chair at [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Taylor, Prof. Richard Lawrence|work=Who's Who 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=November 2009 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U37171|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref> He has worked on [[Langlands program]] and, with others, proved the [[Sato–Tate conjecture]], and collaborated with [[Andrew Wiles]] on the solution to [[Fermat's last theorem]].<ref>{{cite web|title=An Essay on Robert Langlands and Richard Taylor|url=http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2007/mathematical/Langlands_Taylor/essay.html|year=2007|accessdate=1 March 2010|publisher=The Shaw Prize Foundation}}</ref> He was awarded the [[Shaw Prize]] in 2007 (along with [[Robert Langlands]]) "for initiating and developing a grand unifying vision of mathematics that connects prime numbers with symmetry."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shawprize.org/en/laureates/2007/mathematical/Langlands_Taylor/announcement.html|publisher=The Shaw Prize Foundation|title=Robert Langlands and Richard Taylor|date=12 June 2007|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
!scope = "row" |{{sortname|Nigel|Hitchin}}
|align="center"|1997 onwards
|{{hs|Oxford, Jesus}}[[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]] and [[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson College]]
|[[New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Hitchin taught in the United States at [[Princeton University]] in [[New Jersey]] and at [[New York University]], then returned to Wolfson College for further research before becoming a fellow and tutor at [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]]. He was a professor of mathematics at [[Warwick University]] before becoming [[Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1994. His research areas include [[differential geometry]], [[algebraic geometry]], [[Hyperkähler manifold|Hyperkähler geometry]] and [[Symplectic manifold|special Lagrangian geometry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1996-7/weekly/010597/news/story_4.htm|title=New Savilian Professor of Geometry |work=Oxford University Gazette|publisher=University of Oxford|date=24 April 1997|accessdate=1 March 2010}}</ref>
|}
 
==Portrait gallery==
{{Gallery
|title=
|width=190 | height=200 | lines=2
|align=left
|footer=
|File:John Wallis by Sir Godfrey Kneller, Bt.jpg
| alt1=An elderly man with some strands of white hair visible from beneath a close-fitting black cap; he is wearing red and black robes with a red academical hood and broad white bands at his collar
|[[John Wallis]], professor from 1649 to 1703
|File:Edmund Halley.gif
| alt2=A middle-aged man in robes, holding a piece of paper in his left hand. At the top of the painting, the caption reads "EDMVND HALLEIVS LL.D. GEOM. PROF. SAVIL. & R. S. SECRET."
|[[Edmond Halley]], professor from 1704 to 1742
|File:Rev Baden Powell.jpg
| alt3=A balding middle-aged man in a dark suit and academic gown, with a high collared white shirt and academic bands around his neck. He is sitting in a chair, holding a mortar board
|[[Baden Powell (mathematician)|Baden Powell]] held the chair from 1827 to 1860.
|File:Henry John Stephen Smith.jpg
|alt3=A stone head and shoulders bust of a balding man with a full beard and sideburns
|[[Henry John Stephen Smith|Henry Smith]], professor from 1860 to 1883
|File:James Joseph Sylvester by Alfred Edward Emslie.jpg
|alt3=An elderly man wearing dark robes, sitting in a chair with his left arm on the armrest; the top of his head is bald and he has a long white beard
|[[James Joseph Sylvester|James Sylvester]] held the chair from 1883 to 1894.
|File:Michael Francis Atiyah.jpg
|alt3=An elderly balding man with some thin white hair, wearing clear-rimmed glasses, a dark suit and blue tie, smiling.
|[[Michael Atiyah]], professor from 1963 to 1969
|File:Nigel Hitchin 2004.jpg
|alt3=A man in late middle-age with a greying black beard and thinning hair, wearing an open-necked casual blue shirt and large thin-rimmed glasses
|[[Nigel Hitchin]], professor since 1997
}}{{-}}
 
==Notes==
{{reflist|group="n"|colwidth=30em}}
 
==See also==
*[[List of professorships at the University of Oxford]]
 
==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
{{Savilian Professors of Geometry}}
 
{{featured list}}
 
[[Category:Professorships at the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Savilian Professors of Geometry| ]]
[[Category:Professorships in mathematics]]
[[Category:1619 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Lists of people associated with the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Mathematics education in the United Kingdom]]

Revision as of 21:12, 8 May 2013

A tall elderly man with a beard, wearing long black robes and a large white ruff. He is standing with a fan in his right hand and with his left hand resting on books on a table.
Sir Henry Savile, founder of the professorship

The position of Savilian Professor of Geometry was established at the University of Oxford in 1619. It was founded (at the same time as the Savilian Professorship of Astronomy) by Sir Henry Savile, a mathematician and classical scholar who was Warden of Merton College, Oxford and Provost of Eton College, reacting to what has been described as "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England" at that time.[1] He appointed Henry Briggs as the first professor. Edward Titchmarsh (professor 1931–63) said when applying that he was not prepared to lecture on geometry, and the requirement was removed from the duties of the post to enable his appointment, although the title of the chair was not changed. The two Savilian chairs have been linked with professorial fellowships at New College, Oxford since the late 19th century. Before then, for over 175 years until the middle of the 19th century, the geometry professors had an official residence adjoining the college in New College Lane.

There have been 19 professors; Nigel Hitchin, the current holder of the chair (as of January 2014), was appointed in 1997. He is one of sixteen statutory professors in the Mathematical Institute of the university, and a member of the institute's Geometry Group of researchers.[2][3] The post has been held by a number of distinguished mathematicians. Briggs helped to develop the common logarithm, described as "one of the most useful systems for mathematics".[4] The third professor, John Wallis, introduced the use of for infinity, and was regarded as "one of the leading mathematicians of his time".[5] Both Edmond Halley, who successfully predicted the return of the comet named in his honour, and his successor Nathaniel Bliss held the post of Astronomer Royal in addition to the professorship. Stephen Rigaud (professor 1810–1827) has been called "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation".[6] The life and work of James Sylvester (professor 1883–1894) was commemorated by the Royal Society by the inauguration of the Sylvester Medal; this was won by a later professor, Edward Titchmarsh. Two professors, Sylvester and Michael Atiyah (professor 1963–1969), have been awarded the Copley Medal of the Royal Society; Atiyah also won the Fields Medal while he was professor.

Foundation and duties

Sir Henry Savile, the Warden of Merton College, Oxford and Provost of Eton College, was deeply saddened by "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England",[1] and so founded professorships in geometry and astronomy at the University of Oxford in 1619; both chairs were named after him. He also donated his books to the university's Bodleian Library "for the use chiefly of mathematical readers".[1] He required the professors to be men of good character, at least 26 years old, and to have "imbibed the purer philosophy from the springs of Aristotle and Plato" before acquiring a thorough knowledge of science.[7] The professors could come from any Christian country, but he specified that a professor from England should have a Master of Arts degree as a minimum.[8] He wanted students to be educated in the works of the leading scientists of the ancient world, saying that the professor of geometry should teach Euclid's Elements, Apollonius's Conics, and the works of Archimedes; tuition in trigonometry was to be shared by the two professors. As many students would have had little mathematical knowledge, the professors were also permitted to provide instruction in basic mathematics in English (as opposed to Latin, the language used in education at Oxford at the time).[7]

Appointment

Savile's first choice for the professorship of geometry was Edmund Gunter, Professor of Astronomy at Gresham College, London. It was reported that Gunter demonstrated the use of his sector and quadrant, but Savile regarded this as "showing of tricks" rather than geometry, and instead appointed Henry Briggs, the Gresham Professor of Geometry, in 1619.[7] Briggs took up the chair in 1620 at an annual salary of £150 (approximately £Template:Inflation in present day terms)Template:Inflation-fn and thus became the first person to hold the first two mathematical chairs established in Britain.[1][4]

Savile reserved to himself the right to appoint the professors during his lifetime. After his death, he provided that vacancies should be filled by a majority of a group of "most distinguished persons":[9] the Archbishop of Canterbury, the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the university, the Bishop of London, the Secretary of State, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer and the Dean of the Court of Arches. The Vice-Chancellor of the university was to inform the electors of any vacancy, and could be summoned to advise them. The appointment could either be made straight away, or delayed for some months to see whether "any eminent mathematician can be allured" from abroad.[9]

As part of reforms of the university in the 19th century, the University of Oxford commissioners laid down new statutes for the chair in 1881. The professor was to "lecture and give instruction in pure and analytical Geometry", and was to be a Fellow of New College.[10] The electors for the professorship were to be the Warden of New College (or a person nominated by the college in his place), the Chancellor of the University of Oxford, the President of the Royal Society, the Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy at Oxford, the Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Cambridge, a person nominated by the university council and one other nominated by New College.[10] Edward Titchmarsh (professor from 1931 to 1963) said when applying that he was not prepared to lecture on geometry, and the requirement was removed from the duties of the professor to enable his appointment, although the title of the chair was not changed.[11] Changes to the university's internal legislation in the 20th and early 21st centuries abolished specific statutes for the duties of, and rules for appointment to, individual chairs such as the Savilian professorships. The University Council is now empowered to make appropriate arrangements for appointments and conditions of service, with the college to which any professorship is allocated (New College in the case of the Savilian chairs) to have two representatives on the board of electors.[12][13]

Professors' house

John Wallis (professor 1649–1703) rented a house from New College on New College Lane from 1672 until his death in 1703; at some point, it was divided into two houses. Towards the end of his life, David Gregory (the Savilian Professor of Astronomy) lived in the eastern part of the premises: although no lease between Wallis and Gregory survives (if one was ever made between the two friends), Gregory's name appears for the first time in the parish rate-book of 1701. Wallis's son gave the unexpired portion of the lease to the university in 1704 in honour of his father's long tenure of the chair, to provide official residences for the two Savilian professors. New College renewed the lease at a low rent from 1716 and thereafter at intervals until the last renewal in 1814. Records of who lived in each house are not available throughout the period, but surviving documentation shows that the professors often sub-let the houses and for about twenty years in the early 18th century the premises were being used as a lodging house. Stephen Rigaud lived there from 1810 until he became the astronomy professor in 1827; thereafter, Baden Powell lived there with his family. The geometry professors were associated with the houses for longer than the astronomy professors: when the Radcliffe Observatory was built in 1770s, the post of Radcliffe Observer was coupled to the astronomy professorship, and they were provided with a house in that role; thereafter, the university sublet the astronomy professor's house itself. In the early 19th century, New College decided that it wished to use the properties for itself and the lease expired in 1854.[14]

List of professors

Details about the professors
Name Years Education[n 1] College as Professor Notes
Template:Sortname 1619–31 Template:HsUniversity of Cambridge (St John's College) Merton College[n 2] Briggs was a lecturer in mathematics and in physic (medicine) at Cambridge, also becoming the first professor of geometry at Gresham College, London, in 1597. He had become acquainted with the principles of Napier's logarithm by 1615: logarithms aided the calculations of astronomy and navigation that were carried out at Gresham since they allowed multiplication of multi-digit numbers to be carried out through the addition of their logarithms. The innovation that Briggs suggested to Napier was to use steps of 10 (the common logarithm). After two visits by Briggs to John Napier in Edinburgh, they agreed a redefinition of the logarithm process, but Napier wrote in 1617 that the calculations would have to be carried out by others, including Briggs, because of his own ill health. Briggs is regarded as having created "one of the most useful systems for mathematics".[4] In 1624, his main work, Arithmetica logarithmica, was published with calculations of the logarithms of 1 to 20,000 and 90,001 to 100,000 to fourteen decimal places. He died in Merton in 1631 and was buried in the choir of Merton College chapel.[4]
Template:Sortname 1631–48 Template:HsSt Mary Hall and Christ Church Merton College Turner succeeded Briggs as professor of geometry at Gresham College, London, in 1620; he succeeded him in the Savilian professorship and resigned as Gresham professor in 1631. Before this, he had been asked by William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of the University of Oxford) to help draft new statutes to govern the university; the final draft was his work, and was published in 1634. During the English Civil War, he fought on the side of the Royalists and was captured near Stow-on-the-Wold in 1641; he was imprisoned in Southwark until an exchange of prisoners in 1643. He was evicted from his fellowship at Merton and from the professorship by the Parliamentary visitors in charge of the university in 1648, and died in poverty in 1652. He appears to have published little of substance, despite a good contemporary reputation as a mathematician and classical scholar.[16]
Template:Sortname 1649–1703 Template:HsUniversity of Cambridge (Emmanuel College) Exeter College[n 3] Before he entered Cambridge, Wallis was taught some mathematics at the age of 15 by his elder brother. He later claimed to have been self-taught in mathematics thereafter, saying in his autobiography that he had studied it as "a pleasing Diversion, at spare hours", adding that it then was regarded as more for "Traders, Merchants, Seamen, Carpenters, Surveyors of Lands, or the like" than as a subject for academical study at university level.[5] He developed an interest in cryptography, working on behalf of the Parliamentarians during the English Civil War. He was one of the founding members of the Royal Society, writing over sixty papers and book reviews for it. After his appointment to the chair, he developed his mathematical skills such that he became "one of the leading mathematicians of his time":[5] he introduced as the sign for infinity, influenced Isaac Newton with his writings, and took part in various mathematical debates with scholars such as Blaise Pascal and Thomas Hobbes. He was appointed keeper of the university archives in 1658, and was continued in his posts after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, until his death at the age of 86.[5]
Template:Sortname 1704–42 Template:HsThe Queen's College Template:HsThe Queen's College[n 4] Halley, who later calculated the orbit of what became known as Halley's comet, was already in correspondence with European astronomers as an undergraduate, writing three scientific papers in this time. He left Oxford to travel to St Helena for the 1677 transit of Mercury, so that he could calculate the distance of the sun; his work brought him a leading reputation in Europe and election to the Royal Society aged 22. He questioned Isaac Newton on the orbits of the planets, leading Newton to renew his study of the topic and write his Principia Mathematica in 1687; Halley supervised and paid for its publication. He failed to be appointed as Savilian Professor of Astronomy in 1691, but was appointed by Newton to a position in the Royal Mint instead. His own works included discussion of rainbows, optics and barometers, and he calculated the site of Julius Caesar's invasion of Britain by reference to the tides. He also carried out navigational surveys on behalf of the Royal Navy and drew up tables calculating the positions of the sun, moon and planets for many centuries. He was appointed Astronomer Royal in 1721.[17]
Template:Sortname 1742–64 Template:HsPembroke College Pembroke College[n 5] Bliss was appointed rector of St Ebbe's Church, Oxford, in 1736. When he applied to succeed Halley, his supporters included James Bradley (the Astronomer Royal) and Robert Smith (professor of astronomy at the University of Cambridge). As professor, he established an observatory (the fourth in the city) by attaching his instruments to a part of Oxford city wall near his official house. He provided astronomical measurements to Bradley and George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield, who had an observatory at Shirburn Castle. Bliss succeeded Bradley as Astronomer Royal in 1762, but died suddenly in 1764.[18]
Template:Sortname 1765–66 Template:HsUniversity College University College Betts tried and failed to be elected as Savilian Professor of Astronomy in 1763, the post going to Thomas Hornsby instead. His supporters at that election included George Lee, 3rd Earl of Lichfield (the university's Chancellor), John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute (Prime Minister 1762–1763), and George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax (Secretary of State). He expressed his thanks to them in the dedication of a print of the annular solar eclipse of 1 April 1764.[19]
Template:Sortname 1766–96 Template:HsBalliol College and St Mary Hall St Mary Hall Smith studied at Balliol from 1744 onwards, receiving his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1748, his Master of Arts degree in 1751 and his Bachelor of Medicine degree in 1753. He obtained his Doctor of Medicine degree as a member of St Mary Hall, and was working as a doctor in Cheltenham in 1784, when Abraham Robertson deputised for him.[20][21] Smith built a stable and a small tenement behind his official house, destroying part of the medieval city wall as he did so, and bequeathed both additions to his successors in the chair in a "rather pompous" clause in his will.[14]
Template:Sortname 1797–1810 Template:HsChrist Church Christ Church[n 6] Robertson started studying at Oxford aged 24, having previously unsuccessfully run an evening school in Oxford for mechanics. He was supported by John Smith, and deputised for him in 1784 as Smith was working as a doctor in Cheltenham. He was well-regarded as a lecturer, noted for his clarity and the assistance he gave in encouraging students. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1795 to mark his work on conic sections (the subject of his main work, Sectionum conicarum libri septem, in 1792) and his "literary attainments and diligence in the pursuit of science".[21] He also oversaw publication of an edition of the works of Archimedes. He succeeded Smith in 1797, and became Savilian professor of astronomy in 1810.[21][22]
Template:Sortname 1810–27 Template:HsExeter College [n 7] Rigaud, whose father was the observer at Kew Observatory, made his first recorded observations in astronomy when at Exeter College, and was elected to a fellowship of the college when still an undergraduate. From about 1805, he substituted for Thomas Hornsby, Savilian Professor of Astronomy and reader in experimental philosophy, because of Hornsby's illness. When Robertson succeeded Hornsby in 1810, Rigaud was appointed to the geometry chair; he succeeded his father at Kew in 1814, becoming joint observer with his grandfather. He succeeded Robertson in the astronomy and experimental philosophy positions in 1827. His wife died in the same year, and Rigaud devoted himself to his children and his work; he has been described as "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation", and as "renowned for his personal and scholarly integrity".[6]
Template:Sortname 1827–60 Template:HsOriel College [n 8] Powell carried out experiments in the areas of heat and light when he was a parish priest in Kent and London, although he found it difficult to keep abreast with mathematical advances in physics and some of the papers he offered to the Royal Society in the 1830s had considerable mistakes. He resigned his parish position when appointed to the chair, and was an active member of scientific organisations and commissions, with many publications to his credit. He was also noted for his stance on theological issues, opposing the work of the Oxford movement (a group within the Church of England, sometimes referred to as "Tractarians", who aimed to reform the church by reasserting its links with the early Catholic church), denying miracles and defending the theories of Charles Darwin. He advocated reform within the university, including improving the position of scientific studies, but opposition to his stance left him isolated at Oxford. He moved to London in 1854, and mixed with leading individuals from science and literature. One of his sons was Robert Baden-Powell, the founder of the Scout Movement.[23]
Template:Sortname 1861–83 Template:HsBalliol College Balliol College and Corpus Christi College[n 9] Smith's undergraduate studies at Oxford were interrupted by smallpox and malaria, but he studied in Paris during his convalescence and obtained first-class degrees in classics and also in mathematics in the same year. A fellow and lecturer in mathematics at Balliol, Smith also oversaw the college's laboratory and taught chemistry; he also arranged for lectures in mathematics to be given jointly with other colleges, a system that was adopted by other colleges and subjects and later grew into a university-based lecture system. From 1874, he was also Keeper of the Oxford University Museum of Natural History. He was heavily involved with university committees, advocating the place of science and mathematics at Oxford, and with royal commissions on scientific instruction and on universities. His mathematical research in geometry, elliptic function theory and (in particular) number theory was highly regarded.[24]
Template:Sortname 1883–94 Template:HsUniversity of London and University of Cambridge (St John's College) New College Sylvester started at the University of London aged 14 but left after allegedly assaulting another student; he later studied at Cambridge and was Second Wrangler (second in the university mathematics examinations) but could not be awarded a degree or prizes, or be made a college fellow, because he was Jewish. He then became professor of natural philosophy at University College, London for three years before moving to the University of Virginia in 1841, resigning after a dispute with university authorities in 1842. Back in England, he worked as an actuary, carrying out mathematical research in elimination theory in his spare time, before appointment as professor of mathematics at Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, in 1855. After compulsory retirement aged 55, he spent a few years writing poetry and enjoying his club before returning to the United States in 1876 as professor of mathematics at the newly opened Johns Hopkins University, in Baltimore, Maryland. The move reinvigorated his research on invariant theory and matrix theory; he published the results in the American Journal of Mathematics, which he founded. During this time, he was awarded the Copley Medal by the Royal Society. Homesick, he applied for the Savilian professorship (Oxford having lifted the bar on Jewish academics) and resigned from Johns Hopkins before receiving news of his appointment. He delayed his inaugural lecture until 1885 because he had difficulty finding a suitable topic. With his health failing, a deputy was appointed for him in 1892; he resigned in 1894. The Royal Society inaugurated the Sylvester Medal in his honour in 1901.[25]
Template:Sortname 1897–1916 Template:HsSt John's College New College Esson, a fellow of Merton College from 1860, acted as deputy professor from 1894 until his appointment in 1897, when he became a fellow of New College.[26] His work with Augustus Harcourt on the rate of chemical change (published in three papers in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, spread over 30 years) led to the award of fellowship of the Royal Society in 1869; one obituary notice said that the remainder of his publications were "neither numerous nor of great importance."[27] In his obituary, The Times called him "a distinguished veteran in mathematical science", who had "devoted himself to higher mathematics and its connexions with natural science with eminent success".[28]
Template:Sortname 1919–31 Template:HsUniversity of Cambridge (Trinity College) New College Hardy was awarded a prize fellowship at Trinity College in 1900, and published the first of his research papers (which eventually totalled over 350) in the same year. His collaboration with J. E. Littlewood began in 1911, a partnership described as "the most famous in the history of mathematics",[29] with more than 100 joint papers on topics such as distribution of prime numbers, mathematical analysis, analytic number theory, and solving the Waring problem. He also worked with the Indian mathematical prodigy Srinivasa Ramanujan. He was a friend and colleague of the philosopher Bertrand Russell and was upset by Russell's treatment by Cambridge for his pacifist views during the First World War. He was happier in Oxford, but returned to Cambridge in 1931 to take up the position of Sadleirian Professor of Pure Mathematics. His contribution to population genetics is known as the Hardy–Weinberg principle, described by a biographer of Hardy (the Cambridge mathematician Béla Bollobás) as one of the few exceptions to Hardy's claim that nothing he had done, "for good or ill", had made or was likely to make "the least difference to the amenity of the world".[29]
Template:Sortname 1931–63 Template:HsBalliol College New College Titchmarsh studied with Hardy and acted as his secretary before obtaining a lectureship at University College, London in 1923; he was also a non-resident fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford between 1924 and 1930. He was professor of pure mathematics at the University of Liverpool from 1929 until succeeding Hardy at Oxford in 1931. As Titchmarsh (unlike Hardy) had said when applying that he was unwilling to lecture on geometry, one of the requirements of the Oxford chair, the stipulation was removed for him. He was a leading figure in Oxford mathematics thereafter, publishing extensively and winning the Sylvester Medal of the Royal Society in 1955, but had little enthusiasm for lecturing.[11]
Template:Sortname 1963–69 Template:HsUniversity of Cambridge (Trinity College) New College Atiyah taught and carried out research in Cambridge and in the United States (at Princeton University, New Jersey). He then moved to Oxford in 1961, initially as a Fellow of St Catherine's College and Reader in Mathematics, before he succeeded Titchmarsh. He moved back to Princeton to take up a chair in 1969, although returned to Oxford in 1973 as Royal Society Research Professor. In 1990, he became Master of Trinity College, Cambridge (a post he held until 1997), and was later President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (2005–2008). He was knighted in 1983 and made a member of the Order of Merit in 1992. Mathematical awards include the Fields Medal (1966) for his work on K-theory and the Atiyah–Singer index theorem (work which has been used by theoretical physicists) and the Copley Medal of the Royal Society (1988).[30][31]
Template:Sortname 1970–95 Template:HsThe Queen's College New College After studying at Oxford, James moved to the United States to carry out research at Princeton University in New Jersey and at University of California, Berkeley, returning to a research fellowship at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. In 1957, James became Reader in Pure Mathematics at Oxford, and also was a Senior Research Fellow at St John's College from 1959 until his appointment to the Savilian professorship in 1970. He retired in 1995, becoming professor emeritus. His research topics were in the field of topology, especially homotopy, and he has also written on the history of topology and edited a journal on the subject.[32]
Template:Sortname 1995–96 Template:HsUniversity of Cambridge (Clare College) New College Taylor studied at Cambridge and in the United States at Princeton University, New Jersey, before becoming a fellow of Clare College in 1988. He moved to Oxford in 1995, but resigned after one year to take up a chair at Harvard University.[33] He has worked on Langlands program and, with others, proved the Sato–Tate conjecture, and collaborated with Andrew Wiles on the solution to Fermat's last theorem.[34] He was awarded the Shaw Prize in 2007 (along with Robert Langlands) "for initiating and developing a grand unifying vision of mathematics that connects prime numbers with symmetry."[35]
Template:Sortname 1997 onwards Template:HsJesus College and Wolfson College New College Hitchin taught in the United States at Princeton University in New Jersey and at New York University, then returned to Wolfson College for further research before becoming a fellow and tutor at St Catherine's College. He was a professor of mathematics at Warwick University before becoming Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge in 1994. His research areas include differential geometry, algebraic geometry, Hyperkähler geometry and special Lagrangian geometry.[36]

Portrait gallery

To achieve promoting a home, it's essential be competent in actual estate advertising, authorized, financial, operational aspects, and different knowledge and abilities. That is essential because it's essential to negotiate with increasingly subtle buyers. It is advisable outperform opponents, use latest technologies, and stay ahead of the quick changing market.

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Singapore Property Evaluation Experiences Property agency for all Singapore property wants. Sales and leases island-broad of both landed homes and condos for all budgets. Copyright 2011 Property Agent - Singapore Property agents for Singapore Land Authority protecting among the government colonial properties for lease. Singapore Luxury Homes I'm presently a Singapore property agent with ERA Realty Community Non-public listed property developers in singapore Ltd, a regional actual estate consultancy and one of many leading actual estate teams in Singapore. Balestier Street, Singapore Do give me a name or drop me an e-mail if you have to engage a property agent in Singapore. Commercial and residential property actual estate brokers. 31 Scotts Road, Dean's Property Centre, Singapore 228225. REMAX Singapore Singapore 247924 Property

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Individuals all wish to be seen having the identical foresight as the experts in property investment or the massive names in their own fields. Thus the discharge of these tales works to encourage different buyers to observe suit. Bartley Ridge is the most popular new launch in district 13. Irresistible pricing from $1,1xx psf. Bartley Ridge is a ninety nine-12 months leasehold new condominium at Mount Vernon road, good next to Bartley MRT station (CC12). If you want to get more Rehda Johor chairman Koh Moo Hing said potential property consumers in the two areas Http://Modern.Dowatch.Net/Profile/Mic31K/Created/Topics are now adopting a wait-and-see attitude. How can I get the ebrochure and flooring plans of the new launch projects ? The Existing Mortgage on your HDB District 13, Freehold condominium District 11, Freehold Cluster landed house Sea Horizon EC @ Pasir Ris

FindSgNewLaunch is the main Singapore Property web site - one of the best place to begin your actual estate search whether you might be an investor, shopping for for own use, or searching for a spot to lease. With detailed details about each property, together with maps and pictures. We deliver you probably the most complete choice out there. No. For brand spanking new Singapore property gross sales, you possibly can withdraw at any time earlier than booking the unit, without penalty. On the preview, the agent will let you recognize the exact worth for you to resolve whether or not to proceed or not. Solely when you resolve to proceed will the agent book the unit for you. Pending for Sale Licence Approval All Pending for Sale Licence Approval New launch FREEHOLD condominium @ Braddell New launch condominium combined growth at Yishun PROJECT TITLE

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Oceanfront Suites, irresistible pricing for a 946 leasehold property with magnificent sea view. Dreaming of basking and feeling the warmth of pure sunlight is now just a click on away. Oceanfront Suites - Seaside residing no longer needs to remain an unattainable This Cambodia new launch, a mega development has also 762 residential models. Additionally located within this Oxley abroad property is a mega shopping center with 627 outlets and also up to 963 available workplace spaces and is surrounded by quite a few Embassy, resorts, Casinos and many vacationer relax space. Belysa EC @ Pasir Ris Esparina EC @ Sengkang Dell Launches World's first Gender-GEDI Female Entrepreneurship Index on 06/04/thirteen by Istanbul, Turkey. Paris Ris EC @ Paris Ris in search of indication of curiosity.

The developer should open a Venture Account with a financial institution or monetary establishment for every housing venture he undertakes, before he's issued with a Sale License (license to sell models in his development). All payments from buyers before completion of the challenge, and construction loans, go into the mission account. New launch rental LA FIESTA, an thrilling new condominium located along Sengkang Square / Compassvale Highway is a brief stroll to the bustling Sengkang City Centre the place the bus interchange, Sengkang MRT and LRT stations are located. Glorious location,Premium rental with Bayfront resort lifestyle theme and views ofwaterscape. Close to EC pricing - Worth for cash! Apr 02, 2013 Sengkang New Rental Launch, La Fiesta- Sengkang MRTstation at your gate.

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Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

See also

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

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  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Template:Cite web
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  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 Template:Cite web Template:ODNBsub
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  9. 9.0 9.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  10. 10.0 10.1 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  11. 11.0 11.1 Template:Cite web
  12. Template:Cite web
  13. Template:Cite web
  14. 14.0 14.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Template:Cite web
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  20. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  21. 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Template:Cite web
  22. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  23. 23.0 23.1 Template:Cite web
  24. 24.0 24.1 Template:Cite web
  25. Template:Cite web
  26. Template:Cite web Template:ODNBsub
  27. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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