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| {{Unreferenced|date=August 2010}}
| | Hello, my name is Andrew and my wife doesn't like it at all. To perform lacross is something I really appreciate performing. For a while I've been in Alaska but I will have to transfer in a year or two. Distributing manufacturing is how he makes a living.<br><br>Feel free to visit my blog: love psychic readings ([http://www.sirudang.com/siroo_Notice/2110 sneak a peek here]) |
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| A '''well kill''' is the operation of placing a column of heavy fluid into a [[Oil well|well bore]] in order to prevent the flow of [[Oil reservoir|reservoir]] fluids without the need for pressure control equipment at the surface. It works on the principle that the weight of the "kill fluid" or "kill mud" will be enough to suppress the [[pressure]] of the formation fluids. Well kills may be planned in the case of advanced [[Well intervention|interventions]] such as [[workover]]s, or be contingency operations. The situation calling for a well kill will dictate the method taken.
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| Not all well kills are deliberate. Sometimes, the unintended build up of fluids, either from injection of chemicals like [[methanol]] from surface, or from liquids produced from the reservoir, can be enough to kill the well, particularly [[Natural gas|gas]] wells, which are notoriously easy to kill.
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| ==Principles==
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| The principle of a well kill revolves around the weight of a column of fluid and hence the pressure exerted at the bottom.
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| <math>P=hg\rho</math>
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| Where P is the pressure at depth h in the column, g is the [[acceleration of gravity]] and ρ is the [[density]] of the fluid. It is common in the [[oil industry]] to use [[Specific weight|weight density]], which is the product of mass density and the acceleration of gravity. This reduces the equation to:
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| <math>P=h\gamma</math>
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| Where γ is the weight density. Weight density may also be described as the pressure gradient because it directly determines how much extra pressure will be added by increasing depth of the column of fluid.
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| The objective in a well kill, is to make the pressure at the bottom of the kill fluid equal (or slightly greater) than the pressure of the reservoir fluids.
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| ===Example===
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| The pressure of the reservoir fluids at the bottom of the hole is 38[[Pascal (unit)|MPa]]. We have a kill fluid with a weight density of 16[[Newton (unit)|kN]].m<sup>-3</sup>. What will need to be the height of the hydrostatic head in order to kill the well?
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| From the equation:
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| <math>h=\frac{P}{\gamma}</math>
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| <math>h=\frac{38\,MPa}{16\,kNm^{-3}}</math>
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| <math>h=2375\,m</math>
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| Therefore, a column of 2375m of this fluid is needed. This refers to the true vertical depth of the column, not the measured depth, which is always larger than true vertical depth due to deviations from vertical.
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| ===Maths in the oil field===
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| In the [[oil industry]], a pure [[International System of Units|SI system]] is far from being used. Weight densities are commonly either given as [[specific gravity]] or in [[Pound (mass)|pounds]] per [[gallon]]. Simple conversion factors (0.433 for specific gravity and 0.052 for ppg) convert these values to a pressure gradient in [[Pounds per square inch|psi]] per [[foot (length)|foot]]. Multiplying by the depth in feet gives the pressure at the bottom of the column.
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| ==Methods of well kill==
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| ===Reverse circulation===
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| This is often the tidiest way of making a pre-planned well kill. It involves pumping kill fluid down the 'A' [[Annulus (oil well)|annulus]] of the well, through a point of communication between it and the [[production tubing]] just above the [[production packer]] and up the tubing, displacing the lighter well bore fluids, which are allowed to flow to production.
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| The point of communication was traditionally a device called a sliding sleeve, or sliding side door, which is a hydraulically operated device, built into the [[production tubing]]. During normal operation, it would remain closed sealing off the tubing and the annulus, but for events such as this, it would be opened to allow the free flow of fluids between the two regions. These components have fallen out of favour as they were prone to leaking. Instead, it is now more common to punch a hole in the tubing for circulation kills. Although this permanently damages the tubing, given that most pre-planned well kills are for [[workover]]s, this is not an issue, since the tubing is being pulled for replacement anyway.
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| ===Bullheading===
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| This is the most common method of a contingency well kill. If there is a sudden need to kill a well quickly, without the time for rigging up for circulation, the more blunt instrument of bullheading may be used. This involves simply pumping the kill fluid directly down the well bore, forcing the well bore fluids back into the [[Oil reservoir|reservoir]]. This can be effective at achieving the central aim of a well kill; building up a sufficient hydrostatic head in the well bore. However, it can risk damaging the reservoir, by forcing undesired materials into it. The principal advantage is that it can be done with little advanced planning.
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| ===Forward circulation===
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| This is similar to reverse circulation, except the kill fluid is pumped into the [[production tubing]] and circulated out through the [[Annulus (oil well)|annulus]]. Though effective, it is not as desirable since it is preferred that the well bore fluids be displaced out to production, rather than the annulus.
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| ===Lubricate and bleed===
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| This is the most time consuming form of well kill. It involves repeatedly pumping in small quantities of kill mud into the well bore and then bleeding off excess pressure. It works on the principle that the heavier kill mud will sink below the lighter well bore fluids and so bleeding off the pressure will remove the latter leaving an increasing quantity of kill mud in the well bore with successive steps.
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| ===Well kills during drilling operations===
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| During drilling, pressure control is maintained through the use of precisely concocted [[drilling fluid]], which balances out the pressure at the bottom of the hole. In the event of suddenly encountering a high pressure pocket of, say [[Natural gas|gas]] (called a "kick"), it can become necessary to kill the well. This is done by pumping kill mud down the [[Drill string|drill pipe]], where it circulates out the bottom and into the well bore.
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| ==Reversing a well kill==
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| The intention of a well kill (or the reality of an unintentional well kill) is to stop reservoir fluids flowing to surface. This of course creates problems when it is desirable to get the well flowing again. In order to reverse the well kill, the kill fluid must be displaced from the well bore. This involves injecting a gas at high pressure, usually [[nitrogen]] since it is inert and cheap. A gas can be put under sufficient pressure to allow it to push heavy kill fluid, but will then expand and become light once pressure is removed. This means that having displaced the kill fluid, it will not itself kill the well. The reservoir fluids should be able to flow to surface, displacing the gas.
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| The cheapest way to do it is similar to bullheading, where the nitrogen is pumped in under high pressure to force the kill fluid into the reservoir. This, of course, runs a high risk of causing well damage. The most effective way is to use [[coiled tubing]], pumping the gas down the coil and circulating out the bottom into the well bore, where it will displace the kill mud to production.
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Blowout preventer]]
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| * [[Coiled tubing]]
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| * [[Oil well]]
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| * [[Top kill]]
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| * [[Well drilling]]
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| * [[Well intervention]]
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| ==External links==
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| *[http://www.iwcf.org/IWCF/PDF/QA-WIS%20WI%20Syllabus,%20Rev%203.2,%201-08-2004,%20B&W.pdf IWCF Well Intervention Pressure Control syllabus (pdf)]
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| [[Category:Petroleum production]]
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| [[Category:Oil wells]]
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Hello, my name is Andrew and my wife doesn't like it at all. To perform lacross is something I really appreciate performing. For a while I've been in Alaska but I will have to transfer in a year or two. Distributing manufacturing is how he makes a living.
Feel free to visit my blog: love psychic readings (sneak a peek here)