Francis Birch (geophysicist): Difference between revisions

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{{enzyme
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| Name = 2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase
| EC_number = 1.1.99.2
| CAS_number = 9028-80-2
| IUBMB_EC_number = 1/1/99/2
| GO_code = 0047545
| image =
| width =
| caption =
}}
In [[enzymology]], a '''2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase''' ({{EC number|1.1.99.2}}) is an [[enzyme]] that [[catalysis|catalyzes]] the [[chemical reaction]]
 
:(S)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acceptor <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> 2-oxoglutarate + reduced acceptor
 
Thus, the two [[substrate (biochemistry)|substrates]] of this enzyme are [[alpha-Hydroxyglutaric acid|(S)-2-hydroxyglutarate]] and [[Electron acceptor|acceptor]], whereas its two [[product (chemistry)|products]] are [[2-oxoglutarate]] and [[reduced acceptor]]. However, enzymes with specificity to (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase also exist in both mammals<ref name="pmid15070399">{{cite journal | author = Achouri Y, Noël G, Vertommen D, Rider MH, Veiga-Da-Cunha M, Van Schaftingen E | title = Identification of a dehydrogenase acting on D-2-hydroxyglutarate | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 381 | issue = Pt 1 | pages = 35–42 |date=July 2004 | pmid = 15070399 | pmc = 1133759 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20031933 }}</ref> and plants<ref name="pmid19586914">{{cite journal | author = Engqvist M, Drincovich MF, Flügge UI, Maurino VG | title = Two D-2-hydroxy-acid dehydrogenases in Arabidopsis thaliana with catalytic capacities to participate in the last reactions of the methylglyoxal and beta-oxidation pathways | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 284 | issue = 37 | pages = 25026–37 |date=September 2009 | pmid = 19586914 | pmc = 2757207 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M109.021253 }}</ref> even though they have not been given a unique EC number. This enzyme participates in [[Butyric_acid#Biosynthesis|butanoate metabolism]].
 
== Nomenclature ==
 
This enzyme belongs to the family of [[oxidoreductase]]s, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with other acceptors. The systematic name of this enzyme class is '''(S)-2-hydroxyglutarate:acceptor 2-oxidoreductase'''. Other names in common use include:
 
{{div col|colwidth=26em}}
* (S)-2-hydroxyglutarate:(acceptor) 2-oxidoreductase
* alpha-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase
* alpha-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (NAD{{+}} specific)
* alpha-hydroxyglutarate oxidoreductase
* alpha-ketoglutarate reductase
* hydroxyglutaric dehydrogenase
* L-alpha-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase
* L-alpha-hydroxyglutarate:NAD{{+}} 2-oxidoreductase
{{Div col end}}
 
== Clinical significance ==
 
Deficiency in this enzyme in humans ([[D2HGDH]]) or in the model plant ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' leads to massive accumulation of [[alpha-Hydroxyglutaric acid|D-2-hydroxyglutarate]]. In humans this results in the fatal neurometabolic disorder [[2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria]] whereas plants seem to be to a large extent unaffected by high cellular concentrations of this compound.<ref name="pmid20501910">{{cite journal | author = Araújo WL, Ishizaki K, Nunes-Nesi A, Larson TR, Tohge T, Krahnert I, Witt S, Obata T, Schauer N, Graham IA, Leaver CJ, Fernie AR | title = Identification of the 2-hydroxyglutarate and isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenases as alternative electron donors linking lysine catabolism to the electron transport chain of Arabidopsis mitochondria | journal = Plant Cell | volume = 22 | issue = 5 | pages = 1549–63 |date=May 2010 | pmid = 20501910 | doi = 10.1105/tpc.110.075630 | url = | issn = | pmc = 2899879 }}</ref><ref name="pmid21296880">{{cite journal | author = Engqvist MK, Kuhn A, Wienstroer J, Weber K, Jansen EE, Jakobs C, Weber AP, Maurino VG | title = Plant D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase participates in the catabolism of lysine especially during senescence | journal = J Biol Chem | volume = 286 | issue = April 1 | pages = 11382–11390 |date=April 2011 | pmid = 21296880 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M110.194175 | pmc = 3064194 }}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[L2HGDH]]
* [[2-hydroxyglutarate synthase]]
* [[Alpha-Hydroxyglutaric acid]]
* [[2-Hydroxyglutaric aciduria]]
* [[Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal | author = Weil-Malherbe H | year = 1937 | title = The oxidation of l(-)alpha-hydroxyglutaric acid in animal tissues | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 31 | issue = 11 | pages = 2080&ndash;2094 | pmid=16746551 | pmc = 1267182}}
{{refend}}
 
[[Category:EC 1.1.99]]
[[Category:Enzymes of unknown structure]]
 
 
{{1.1-enzyme-stub}}

Revision as of 07:05, 27 February 2014

Most people will require an effective attorney at some point in their lives. Legal professionals have lots of uses, for example managing any authorized issues you might be in, making it possible to secure patents, and in many cases working with copyrights. Should you need a attorney, one can learn how to locate a great one in the following paragraphs.

An excellent suggestion if you're seeking to engage a legal representative is to successfully pick the right a single. Place could be a huge component while looking to employ an attorney. If you're going to being to the courtroom soon, it's absolutely important how the legal representative you decide on is with the location.

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Do not engage a legal professional without having done any some background analysis. Appear their title up on the web and speak with friends or family who may are aware of the legal representative you are considering. It is usually to your advantage to decide on an attorney with an outstanding reputation and great values.

Request your legal representative on an estimation once you decide they're the choice for you. When they refuse, leave instantly. Even if they just supply you with a variety and describe the thing that makes an instance essentially costly, that is adequate. Be sure to get the fee arrangement on paper!

Decide what your capacity to purchase you'll adhere to will likely be. It may possibly not be worthwhile expense a good idea to data file or fight a suit. Analysis the sorts of charges you may process if you choose a definite legal professional. Stay and talk with the legal representative about the finances and whichever you would like to attain. Know very well what price overruns are potentially there.

Don't just choose the initial attorney you discover online. It can be luring to think lawyers all do exactly the same thing, however they may vary in top quality and knowledge. Check with friends if they know an excellent attorney and what he symbolized them for. Be picky when choosing lawful help.

When searching for a great legal professional, it could be very useful to inquire friends and relations for his or her tips. It seems like just like you will discover a law practice all around each and every corner, so recommendations can guide you to a great attorney. Regardless of whether they do not are experts in your sort of scenario, they can suggest someone just like a colleague for you.

Be sure to know the approach involved with firing your attorney. There are several legal professionals that still require that you spend some of your charges even though you fire them. Read overall commitments cautiously, so you can find no surprises in the future in the event that you have to seek out a fresh attorney.

If you hire a legal representative, make certain they're an easy task to talk to. You have to be certain you can get in touch when you really need them the most. I had a legal professional once who faded for a month! Checking testimonials can help you get a lawyer, who is an excellent communicator.

Know just exactly how much opportunity cost are letting go of when picking to go to courtroom. Any circumstance needs time to work, and just how enough time depends a lot on the capacity of your lawyer. When you purchase a young lawyer to Bart lawyers and attorney save cash, you might find how the case will take more weeks than if you have removed with someone more veteran. These days might be many hours of shed pay! Perform your due diligence on this page and make certain the math functions out to your selections.

Despite who you really are, you could always make use of a excellent lawyer. The key reason why you may need a lawyer can rely on your scenarios. Regardless of this, you'll be able to find a legal representative that can focus on any legitimate concern you might have. Keep this informative article in your mind when it's time for you to locate one.

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