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| {{New Testament manuscript infobox
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| | form = Minuscule
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| | number = '''81'''
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| | image =
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| | isize =
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| | caption=
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| | name =
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| | sign =
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| | text = [[Acts of the Apostles|Acts]], [[Pauline epistles]] †
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| | script = [[Greek language|Greek]]
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| | date = '''1044'''
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| | found = Tischendorf in 1853
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| | now at = [[British Library]] <br> [[Alexandria]]
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| | cite =
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| | size = {{×|18|12.6}}
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| | type = [[Alexandrian text-type]]
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| | cat = II
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| | hand =
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| | note =
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| }}
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| '''Minuscule 81''' (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Gregory-Aland|Gregory-Aland]] numbering), or α162 (in the [[Biblical manuscript#Von Soden|Soden]] numbering)<ref name = Gregory1908>{{cite book|last=Gregory|first=Caspar René|authorlink=Caspar René Gregory|title=Die griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testament|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/diegriechischen00greggoog#page/n61/mode/2up|year=1908|publisher=J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung|location=Leipzig|page=51}}</ref> is a Greek [[Lower case|minuscule]] [[manuscript]] of the [[New Testament]], on a parchment. It is dated by a [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] to the year 1044.<ref name=Aland>K. Aland, M. Welte, B. Köster, K. Junack, "Kurzgefasste Liste der griechischen Handschriften des Neues Testaments", ''[[Walter de Gruyter]]'', Berlin, New York 1994, p. 47.</ref> Formerly it was labelled by 61<sup>a</sup> and 61<sup>p</sup> (Gregory). The manuscript is lacunose. It was adapted for liturgical use.
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| == Description ==
| | If you are looking for a specific plugin, then you can just search for the name of the plugin. Affilo - Theme is the guaranteed mixing of wordpress theme that Mark Ling use for his internet marketing career. This CMS has great flexibility to adapt various extensions and add-ons. Dead links are listed out simply because it will negatively have an influence on the website's search engine rating. In the most current edition you can customize your retailer layout and display hues and fonts similar to your site or blog. <br><br>Creating a website from scratch can be such a pain. When you write a new post, you'll see a small bar that goes across the text input area. This plugin is a must have for anyone who is serious about using Word - Press. They provide many such popular products which you can buy for your baby. Now a days it has since evolved into a fully capable CMS platform which make it, the best platform in the world for performing online business. <br><br>Your Word - Press blog or site will also require a domain name which many hosting companies can also provide. The following piece of content is meant to make your choice easier and reassure you that the decision to go ahead with this conversion is requited with rich benefits:. When you have virtually any queries about where by in addition to how to make use of [http://xyz.ms/wordpress_backup_652601 backup plugin], you are able to email us on the web site. Whether or not it's an viewers on your web page, your social media pages, or your web page, those who have a present and effective viewers of "fans" are best best for provide provides, reductions, and deals to help re-invigorate their viewers and add to their main point here. Storing write-ups in advance would have to be neccessary with the auto blogs. Article Source: Stevens works in Internet and Network Marketing. <br><br>Whether your Word - Press themes is premium or not, but nowadays every theme is designed with widget-ready. Russell HR Consulting provides expert knowledge in the practical application of employment law as well as providing employment law training and HR support services. However, you may not be able to find a theme that is in sync with your business. Contact Infertility Clinic Providing One stop Fertility Solutions at:. Make sure you have the latest versions of all your plugins are updated. <br><br>Instead, you can easily just include it with our bodies integration field in e - Panel. If you operate a website that's been built on HTML then you might have to witness traffic losses because such a site isn't competent enough in grabbing the attention of potential consumers. The days of spending a lot of time and money to have a website built are long gone. Word - Press is an open source content management system which is easy to use and offers many user friendly features. As for performing online business, websites and blogs are the only medium that are available to interact with customers and Word - Press perform this work with the help of cross-blog communication tools, comments and full user registration plug-ins. |
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| The codex contains almost complete text of the [[Acts of the Apostles]] and the [[Pauline epistles]] on 282 parchment leaves ({{×|18|12.6}}), with some [[Lacuna (manuscripts)|lacunae]] (Acts 4:8-7:17; 17:28-23:9 - 297 verses). The text is written in one column per page, in 23 lines per page, in small letters.<ref name = Aland/>
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| It contains list of the {{lang|grc|κεφαλαια}} (''list of contents'') only for [[Epistle of James]]. Lectionary markings were added on the margin by a later hand (for liturgical use).<ref name = Scrivener>{{Cite book
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| | last = Scrivener
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| | first = Frederick Henry Ambrose
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| | authorlink = Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener
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| | coauthors = Edward Miller
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| | title = [[A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament]]
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| | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]]
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| | year = 1894
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| | location = London
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| | edition = 4
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| | volume = 1
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| | page = 205
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| | url =
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| | isbn = }}</ref><ref name = Gregory>{{cite book
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| | last = Gregory
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| | first = Caspar René
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| | authorlink = Caspar René Gregory
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| | title = Textkritik des Neuen Testaments
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| | publisher = Hinrichs
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| | year = 1900
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| | location = Leipzig
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| | volume = 1
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| | page = 269
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| | url = http://www.archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n281/mode/2up
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| | isbn = }}</ref>
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| == Text ==
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| The Greek text of the codex, is a representative of the [[Alexandrian text-type]], with some the [[Byzantine text-type|Byzantine]] readings. It is one of the most important of all minuscule manuscripts.<ref>[[Bruce M. Metzger]], [[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration'' ([[Oxford University Press]], 2005), p. 86.</ref> It was only one minuscule manuscript examined by [[Constantin von Tischendorf]]. [[Kurt Aland|Aland]] placed it in "at least [[Categories of New Testament manuscripts#Category II|Category II]]".<ref>{{Cite book
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| | last = Aland
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| | first = Kurt | |
| | authorlink = Kurt Aland
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| | coauthors = [[Barbara Aland]]; Erroll F. Rhodes (trans.)
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| | title = The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism
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| | publisher = [[William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company]]
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| | year = 1995
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| | location = Grand Rapids
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| | page = 129
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| | url =
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| | isbn = 978-0-8028-4098-1}}</ref>
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| It has been called "the best minuscule witness to Acts" or "the most important minuscule copy of the Acts". [[Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener|F. H. A. Scrivener]] stated "its value is shown not so much by the readings in which it stands alone, as by agreement with the oldest uncial copies, where their testimonies coincide".<ref name = Scrivener/>
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| In Acts 16:10 it reads θεος along with [[Papyrus 74|P<sup>74</sup>]], [[Codex Sinaiticus|Sinaiticus]], [[Codex Alexandrinus|Alexandrinus]], [[Codex Vaticanus|Vaticanus]], [[Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus|Ephraemi]], [[Codex Laudianus|E]], [[Codex Athous Lavrensis|044]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], [[Minuscule 945 (Gregory-Aland)|945]], [[Minuscule 1739|1739]], ar, e, l, vg, cop<sup>bo</sup>, geo; other reading κυριος, is supported by D, [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]], [[Uncial 049|049]], [[Uncial 056|056]], [[Uncial 0142|0142]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 330|330]], [[Minuscule 436|436]], [[Minuscule 451|451]], [[Minuscule 614|614]], [[Minuscule 629|629]], 1241, 1505, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, c, d, gig, syr<sup>p,h</sup>, cop<sup>sa</sup>.<ref>NA26, p. 480</ref>
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| It does not contain text of Acts 28:29.
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| In Romans 8:1 it reads Ιησου κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν, for Ιησου (as א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, it<sup>d, g</sup>, cop<sup>sa, bo</sup>, eth). The reading of the manuscript is supported by [[Codex Alexandrinus|A]], [[Codex Claromontanus|D<sup>b</sup>]], Ψ, 629, 2127, vg. The Byzantine manuscripts read Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα.<ref>UBS3, p. 548.</ref>
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| In Romans 13:9 it has additional phrase ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, the reading is supported by the manuscripts: א (P) [[Uncial 048|048]] [[Minuscule 104|104]] [[Minuscule 365|365]] 1506 a b [[Vulgata Clementina|vg<sup>cl</sup>]] (syr<sup>h</sup>) cop<sup>bo</sup>.<ref>Na26, p. 433.</ref>
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| Romans 16:24 is omitted as in [[Codex Sinaiticus]] A B C [[Minuscule 5|5]] [[Minuscule 263|263]] [[Minuscule 623|623]] 1739 1838 1962 [[Minuscule 2127|2127]] it<sup>z</sup> vg<sup>ww</sup> cop<sup>sa,bo</sup> eth<sup>ro</sup> Origen<sup>lat</sup>).<ref>UBS3, p. 576.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 2:1 it reads μαρτυριον along with B D G P Ψ 33 [[Minuscule 104|104]] [[Minuscule 181|181]] [[Minuscule 326|326]] 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr<sup>h</sup> cop<sup>sa</sup> arm eth. Other manuscripts read μυστηριον or σωτηριον.<ref>UBS3, p. 581.</ref>
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| In 1 Corinthians 7:5 it reads τη προσευχη (''prayer'') along with [[Papyrus 11|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>11</sup>]], [[Papyrus 46|<math>\mathfrak{P}</math><sup>46</sup>]], א*, A, [[Codex Vaticanus|B]], C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, [[Minuscule 6|6]], 33, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth. Other manuscripts read τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (''fasting and prayer'') or τη προσευχη και νηστεια (''prayer and fasting'').<ref>NA26, p. 450.</ref><ref>UBS3, p. 591.</ref>
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| In [[First Epistle to Timothy|1 Timothy]] 3:16 it has textual variant {{lang|grc|θεός ἐφανερώθη}} (''God manifested'') (Sinaiticus<sup>e</sup>, A<sup>2</sup>, C<sup>2</sup>, D<sup>c</sup>, [[Codex Mosquensis I|K]], [[Codex Angelicus|L]], [[Codex Porphyrianus|P]], 044, 81, [[Minuscule 104|104]], [[Minuscule 181|181]], [[Minuscule 326|326]], [[Minuscule 330|330]], [[Minuscule 436|436]], [[Minuscule 451|451]], [[Minuscule 614|614]], [[Minuscule 629|629]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], 1241, [[Minuscule 1739|1739]], 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect), against ὃς ἐφανερώθη (''he was manifested'') supported by Sinaiticus, [[Codex Alexandrinus]], [[Codex Ephraemi|Ephraemi]], [[Codex Boernerianus|Boernerianus]], [[Minuscule 33|33]], [[Minuscule 365|365]], [[Minuscule 442|442]], 2127, [[Lectionary 599|'''ℓ''' ''599'']].<ref>Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' ([[Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft]]: Stuttgart 2001), pp. 573-573.</ref><ref>[http://www.bible-researcher.com/alexandrinus4.html 1 Timothy 3:16 in Codex Alexandrinus] at the Bible Research</ref>
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| In 2 Timothy 4:10 it reads Γαλλιαν, along with Sinaiticus C 104 326 436; other manuscript read Γαλατιαν (A D F G K L P Ψ 33 88 181 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect) or Γαλιλαιαν (cop<sup>bo</sup>).<ref>UBS3, p. 737.</ref>
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| In Hebrews 8:11 it reads πλησιον for πολιτην, the reading is supported by [[Codex Porphyrianus]], 104, [[Minuscule 436|436]], [[Minuscule 629|629]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], and 1985.<ref>UBS3, pp. 761-762.</ref>
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| In 1 John 5:6 it has textual variant δι' ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος καὶ αἵματος (''through water and spirit and blood'') together with the manuscripts: [[Codex Porphyrianus]], [[Minuscule 88|88]], [[Minuscule 442|442]], [[Minuscule 630|630]], 915, 2492, arm, eth<ref>UBS3, p. 823.</ref><ref group="n">For another variants of this verse see: [[Textual variants in the New Testament#First Epistle of John|Textual variants in the First Epistle of John]].</ref> [[Bart D. Ehrman]] identified it as Orthodox corrupt reading.<ref>[[Bart D. Ehrman]], ''The Orthodox Corruption of Scripture'', [[Oxford University Press]], Oxford 1993, p. 60.</ref>
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| == History ==
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| According to the colophon, it was written on April 20, 1044, by a scribe named John for the wish another monk, named Jakob.<ref name = Gregory/>
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| The codex was discovered by [[Constantin von Tischendorf]] in Egypt in 1853, who took 57 leaves of the codex (Acts of the Apostles) with himself. He sold it to the Trustees of the [[British Museum]] in 1854.<ref name = Scrivener/> Now they are located in [[British Library]] (Add. 20003) at [[London]]. 225 leaves are still in [[Alexandria]], where are held in the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria|Patriarchat Library]] (59).<ref name = Aland/>
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| Formerly it was labelled by 61<sup>a</sup> and 61<sup>p</sup> (Gregory). In 1908 [[C. R. Gregory]] gave for it number 81.<ref name = Gregory1908/>
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| Tischendorf collated and published text of it in 1854 (''Anecdota sacra''). [[C. R. Gregory]] saw it in 1883.<ref name = Gregory/>
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| == See also ==
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| {{Portal|Bible}}
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| * [[List of New Testament minuscules]]
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| * [[Textual criticism]]
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| * [[Biblical manuscript]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{Reflist|group = "n"}}
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| == References ==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{refbegin}}
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| {{refend}}
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| == Further reading ==
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| * F. H. A. Scrivener, [http://books.google.pl/books?id=Fh0DAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=#v=onepage&q=&f=false ''An Exact Transcript of the Codex Augiensis''] (Cambridge and London, 1859), pp. 68–70.
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| * [[Constantin von Tischendorf]], [http://www.archive.org/stream/anecdotasacraet00tiscgoog#page/n148/mode/2up ''Anecdota sacra et profana''] (Lipsiae 1855), pp. 130–146.
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| == External links ==
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| * {{Cite web |url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=30081 |title=Liste Handschriften |publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research |accessdate= April 21, 2013 |location=Münster}}
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| * [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/Manuscripts1-500.html#m81 Minuscule 81] at the ''Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism''
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Minuscule 0081}}
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| [[Category:Greek New Testament minuscules]]
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| [[Category:11th-century biblical manuscripts]]
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| [[Category:British Library additional manuscripts]]
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If you are looking for a specific plugin, then you can just search for the name of the plugin. Affilo - Theme is the guaranteed mixing of wordpress theme that Mark Ling use for his internet marketing career. This CMS has great flexibility to adapt various extensions and add-ons. Dead links are listed out simply because it will negatively have an influence on the website's search engine rating. In the most current edition you can customize your retailer layout and display hues and fonts similar to your site or blog.
Creating a website from scratch can be such a pain. When you write a new post, you'll see a small bar that goes across the text input area. This plugin is a must have for anyone who is serious about using Word - Press. They provide many such popular products which you can buy for your baby. Now a days it has since evolved into a fully capable CMS platform which make it, the best platform in the world for performing online business.
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