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'''Viscous remanent magnetization''' (Abbreviated '''VRM'''), also known as viscous magnetization, is [[remanence]] that is acquired by [[ferromagnetic materials]] by sitting in a [[magnetic field]] for some time. The [[natural remanent magnetization]] of an [[igneous rock]] can be altered by this process. This is generally an unwanted component and some form of stepwise demagnetization must be used to remove it.<ref name=Dunlop1997>{{harvnb|Dunlop|Özdemir|1997|loc=Chapter 10}}</ref>
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== Origin of VRM ==
{{See also|Superparamagnetism}}
Viscous remanent magnetization is the result of jumps between magnetic states driven by [[thermal fluctuations]]. In the simplest case, there is a single characteristic time {{math|&tau;}} called the ''thermal relaxation time''. If the starting magnetization is {{math|<var>M</var><sub>0</sub>}} and the magnetization in [[Thermal equilibrium|equilibrium]] is {{math|<var>M</var><sub>eq</sub>}}, the magnetization after a time {{math|<var>t</var>}} is
:<math> M(t) = M_0 + \left(M_\text{eq}-M_0\right)\exp(-t/\tau).</math>
If {{math|<var>M</var><sub>0</sub>}} is a [[natural remanent magnetization]] (NRM) acquired in the Earth's field at one time, and {{math|<var>M</var><sub>eq</sub>}} is the equilibrium magnetization in a different field at some later time, the change in remanence {{math|<var>M(t)</var> -<var>M</var><sub>0</sub>}} is the VRM.<ref name=Dunlop1997/>
 
The above equation is applicable to the simplest [[single domain (magnetic)|single domain]] magnets, those described by the [[Stoner–Wohlfarth model]]. The relaxation time {{math|&tau;}} depends on factors such as the size of the magnet and its [[magnetic anisotropy]]. Rocks have collections of magnetic minerals with varying size and anisotropy, and therefore a broad spectrum of relaxation times. The magnetization tends to have a logarithmic dependence on time, so the rate of change is often represented by a ''viscosity coefficient''<ref name=Dunlop1997/>
:<math> S = \frac{\partial M}{\partial \log t}.</math>
 
== Significance for paleomagnetism ==
{{Main|Paleomagnetism}}
 
Paleomagnetists are interested in the ''primary'' [[natural remanent magnetization]] (NRM) in a rock, acquired when the rock was originally formed. Viscous remanent magnetization is regarded as noise. Any component of the NRM that is in the direction of the present Earth's field is suspect because it may have been acquired since the last [[geomagnetic reversal]]. Fortunately, VRM is often removed by the first steps in a stepwise thermal demagnetization of the NRM.  
<ref name=Dunlop1997/>
 
VRM may also be acquired in the laboratory while measuring the NRM. To avoid this, paleomagnetists make their measurements in a magnetically shielded environment. Often the [[magnetometer]] is housed in a room with walls made of [[mu-metal]].<ref name=MIT>{{harvnb|MIT|2011}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
*[[Rock magnetism]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==References==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book
  |last1 = Dunlop
  |first1 = David J.
  |last2 = Özdemir
  |first2 = Özden
  |title = Rock Magnetism: Fundamentals and Frontiers
  |publisher = [[Cambridge Univ. Press]]
  |year = 1997
  |isbn = 0-521-32514-5
  |ref=harv
}}
*{{cite web
|title=Paleomagnetic instruments
|work=Paleomagnetism laboratory, Department of Earth, Planetary and Atmospheric Sciences, MIT
|url=http://scripts.mit.edu/~paleomag/pages/instruments.php
|accessdate=September, 2011
|ref={{harvid|MIT|2011}}
}}
{{Refend}}
 
[[Category:Rock magnetism]]
[[Category:Magnetic ordering]]

Latest revision as of 21:27, 24 October 2014

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