1986–87 Mersin İdmanyurdu season: Difference between revisions

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In [[inorganic chemistry]], '''olation''' is the process by which metal ions form polymeric [[oxide]]s in aqueous solution.<ref>Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.</ref>  The phenomenon is important to understand the relationship between metal ions in aqueous solution and metal oxides, which are represented by many [[mineral]]s.


At low pH, many metal ions exist in aqueous solution as aqua [[coordination complex]]es, often with the formula [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>.<ref>Helm, L. and Merbach, A. E., "Inorganic and Bioinorganic Solvent Exchange Mechanisms", Chem. Rev., 2005, 105, 1923-1959.{{DOI|10.1021/cr030726o}}.</ref>  As the pH increases, one O-H bond [[ionize]]s to give the [[hydroxide]] complex, the conjugate base of the parent [[Metal ions in aqueous solution|hexaaqua complex]]:
:[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>  <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math>  [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  +  H<sup>+</sup>
The hydroxo complex is poised to undergo olation, which is initiated by displacement of one water by a neighboring complex:
:[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  +  [M(H<sub>2</sub></sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>    <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> {M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>(μ-OH)M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>}<sup>5+</sup>  +  H<sub>2</sub>O
In this product, the hydroxide ligand bridges between the two metals, this bridge in denoted with the symbol μ.
In the resulting 5+ ion, the remaining water and hydroxo ligands are highly acidic and the ionization and [[condensation]] processes can continue at still higher pHs.  The formation of the oxo-dimer is a process called “oxolation,” although sometimes olation and oxolation are not distinguished:
:{[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)}<sup>5+</sup> <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> {[M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(μ-O)}<sup>4+</sup> +  H<sup>+</sup>
Ultimately one observes the formation of the metal oxide:
:2 [M(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>  <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math>  M<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>  +  9 H<sub>2</sub>O  +  6 H<sup>+</sup>


Olation and oxolation are responsible for the formation of many natural and synthetic materials.  Such materials are usually insoluble polymers, but some, the [[polyoxometallate]]s, are discrete and molecular.
The main advantage of using the blog is that anyone can use the Word - Press blog and customize the elements in the theme regardless to limited knowledge about internet and website development.  If you liked this informative article and you would like to obtain more details regarding [http://scridle.nl/backup_plugin_956119 backup plugin] kindly check out the site. What I advise you do next is save the backup data file to a remote place like a CD-ROM, external disk drive if you have one or a provider such as Dropbox. The effect is to promote older posts by moving them back onto the front page and into the rss feed. Donor oocytes and menopausal pregnancy: Oocyte donation to women of advanced reproductive age: pregnancy results and obstetrical outcomes in patients 45 years and older. provided by Word - Press Automatic Upgrade, so whenever you need to update the new version does not, it automatically creates no webmaster. <br><br>Choosing what kind of links you'll be using is a ctitical aspect of any linkwheel strategy, especially since there are several different types of links that are assessed by search engines. Best of all, you can still have all the functionality that you desire when you use the Word - Press platform. Well Managed Administration  The Word - Press can easily absorb the high numbers of traffic by controlling the server load to make sure that the site works properly. E-commerce websites are meant to be buzzed with fresh contents, graphical enhancements, and functionalities. Moreover, many Word - Press themes need to be purchased and designing your own WP site can be boring. <br><br>Your Word - Press blog or site will also require a domain name which many hosting companies can also provide. The nominee in each category with the most votes was crowned the 2010 Parents Picks Awards WINNER and has been established as the best product, tip or place in that category. Are you considering getting your website redesigned. Our skilled expertise, skillfulness and excellence have been well known all across the world. Purchase these from our site, or bring your own, it doesn't matter, we will still give you free installation and configuration. <br><br>If all else fails, please leave a comment on this post with the issue(s) you're having and help will be on the way. As an example, if you are promoting a product that cures hair-loss, you most likely would not wish to target your adverts to teens. Exacting subjects in reality must be accumulated in head ahead of planning on your high quality theme. Word - Press is the most popular open source content management system (CMS) in the world today. See a product, take a picture, and it gives you an Amazon price for that product, or related products. <br><br>Millions of individuals and organizations are now successfully using this tool throughout the world. When you sign up with Wordpress, you gain access to several different templates and plug-in that allow you to customize your blog so that it fits in with your business website design seamlessly. You can select color of your choice, graphics of your favorite, skins, photos, pages, etc. You should stay away from plugins that are full of flaws and bugs. Article Source: Hostgator discount coupons for your Wordpress site here.
 
==Olation and leather tanning==
One application where olation is important is [[leather tanning]] using chromium(III) sulfate.  This salt dissolves to give hexaaquachromium(III) cation, [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> and sulfate anions. [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> acts as an acid according to the reaction:<ref>Schlesinger, M.; Paunovic, M.; Modern Electroplating. Wiley-Interscience, 4th ed. 2000, 209-212.</ref>
:[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>  <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math> [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup> + H<sup>+</sup>;  K<sub>eq</sub> ~ 10<sup>-4</sup> M 
Thus, higher pH favors [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>.  This hydroxy complex can undergo olation:<ref>M. Thompson, R. E. Connick "Hydrolytic polymerization of chromium(III). 1. Two dimeric species" Inorg. Chem. 1981, 20, 2279-2285. {{DOI|10.1021/ic50221a068}}</ref>
:[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> + [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  →  [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)]<sup>5+</sup> + H<sub>2</sub>O
:2[Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>5</sub>OH]<sup>2+</sup>  →  [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4+</sup>  +  2 H<sub>2</sub>O
The "diol" (second reaction) is favored and is accelerated by heat and high pH.   The balance of these two factors, temperature and pH of the solution, along with the concentration of chromium(III), influence the continued polymerization of [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4+</sup>.<ref>Schlesinger, M.; Paunovic, M.; Modern Electroplating. Wiley-Interscience, 4th ed. 2000, 209-212.</ref> The chromium(III) hydroxide is susceptible to oxolation:
:[(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-OH)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>4+</sup>  →  [(Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(μ-O)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup>  +  2 H<sup>+</sup>
Products of oxolation are less susceptible to acidic cleavage than the hydroxy bridge. The resulting clusters are  active in crosslinking the protein in tanning.<ref>Harlan, J.; Feairheller, S.; Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1977, 86A, 425.  </ref>  which essentially involves the cross-linking  of the collagen subunits. The actual chemistry  of [Cr(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> is more complex in the tanning bath rather than in water due to the presence of a variety of ligands.  Some ligands include the sulfate anion, the collagen's carboxyl groups, amine groups from the side chains of the [[amino acid]]s, as well as "masking agents."  Masking agents are [[carboxylic acid]]s, such as [[acetic acid]], used to suppress formation of polychromium(III) chains. Masking agents allow the tanner to further increase the pH to increase collagen's reactivity without inhibiting the penetration of the chromium(III) complexes.  The crosslinks formed by the polychromium species are approximately 17 Å long.<ref>Gustavson, K.H.; The Chemistry of Tanning Processes.  Academic Press Inc., New York, 1956.</ref><ref>Covington, A.; Modern Tanning Chemistry, Chem. Soc. Rev. 1997, 26, 111-126. {{DOI|10.1039/CS9972600111}}</ref>
 
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:Oxides|*]]

Latest revision as of 23:58, 8 November 2014


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