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'''Multiple-prism grating laser oscillators''',<ref name="DLP">[[F. J. Duarte]], Narrow-linewidth pulsed dye laser oscillators, in ''Dye Laser Principles'' (Academic, New York, 1990) Chapter 4.</ref> or MPG laser oscillators, use [[beam expander|multiple-prism beam expansion]] to illuminate a diffraction grating mounted either in [[Littrow configuration]] or grazing-incidence configuration.  Originally, these narrow-linewidth tunable dispersive oscillators were introduced as multiple-prism Littrow (MPL) grating oscillators,<ref>F. J. Duarte and J. A. Piper, A double-prism beam expander for pulsed dye lasers, ''Opt. Commun.'' '''35''', 100-104 (1980).</ref> or hybrid multiple-prism near-grazing-incidence (HMPGI) grating [[optical cavity|cavities]],<ref>F. J. Duarte and J. A. Piper, A prism preexpanded grazing incidence pulsed dye laser, ''Appl. Opt.'' '''20''', 2113-2116 (1981).</ref><ref>F. J. Duarte and J. A. Piper, Narrow linewidth high prf copper laser-pumped dye-laser oscillators, ''Appl. Opt.'' '''23''', 1391-1394 (1984).</ref> in organic [[dye laser]]s. However, these designs were quickly adopted for other types of lasers such as [[gas laser]]s,<ref>F. J. Duarte, Multiple-prism Littrow and grazing incidence pulsed CO<sub>2</sub> lasers, ''Appl. Opt.'' '''24''', 1244-1245 (1985).</ref><ref>R. C. Sze and D. G. Harris, Tunable excimer lasers, in ''Tunable Lasers Handbook'', F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (Academic, New York, 1995) Chapter 3.</ref> [[diode laser]]s,<ref>P. Zorabedian, Characteristics of a grating-external-cavity semiconductor laser containing intracavity prism beam expanders, ''J. Lightwave Tech.'' '''10''', 330-335 (1992).</ref><ref>P. Zorabedian, Tunable external cavity semiconductor lasers, in ''Tunable Lasers Handbook'', F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (Academic, New York, 1995) Chapter 8.</ref> and more recently [[fiber laser]]s.<ref>T. M. Shay and F. J. Duarte, in ''Tunable Laser Applications'', 2nd Ed., F. J. Duarte (Ed.) (CRC, New York, 2009) Chapter 9.</ref>
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[[Image:Duarte's multiple-prism grating laser oscillator.jpg|thumb|300px|Multiple-prism grating narrow-linewidth tunable laser oscillator.<ref>F. J. Duarte, T. S. Taylor, A. Costela, I. Garcia-Moreno, and R. Sastre, Long-pulse narrow-linewidth disperse solid-state dye laser oscillator, ''Appl. Opt.'' '''37''', 3987-3989 (1998).</ref> The grating in this particular oscillator is deployed in Littrow configuration.]]
 
==Excitation==
 
Multiple-prism grating laser oscillators can be excited either electrically, as in the case of gas lasers and semiconductor lasers,<ref name="TLO">F. J. Duarte, ''Tunable Laser Optics'' (Elsevier Academic, New York, 2003).</ref> or optically, as in the case of crystalline lasers and organic dye lasers.<ref name="DLP"/> In the case of optical excitation it is often necessary to match the polarization of the excitation laser to the polarization preference of the multiple-prism grating oscillator.<ref name="DLP"/>  This can be done using a [[polarization rotator]] thus improving the laser conversion efficiency.<ref name="TLO"/> 
 
==Linewidth performance==
 
The [[multiple-prism dispersion theory]] is applied to design these beam expanders either in additive configuration, thus adding or subtracting  their dispersion to the dispersion of the grating, or in compensating configuration (yielding zero dispersion at a design wavelength) thus allowing the diffraction grating to control the tuning characteristics of the laser cavity.<ref name="TLO"/> Under those conditions, that is, zero dispersion from the multiple-prism beam expander, the single-pass [[laser linewidth]] is given by<ref name="DLP"/><ref name="TLO"/>
 
:<math> \Delta\lambda \approx \Delta \theta \left(M {\partial\theta\over\partial\lambda}\right)^{-1}</math>
 
where <math>\Delta \theta</math> is the beam divergence and ''M'' is the beam magnification provided by the beam expander that multiplies the angular dispersion provided by the diffraction grating. In the case of multiple-prism beam expanders this factor can be as high as 100-200.<ref name="DLP"/><ref name="TLO"/>
 
When the dispersion of the multiple-prism expander is not equal to zero, then the single-pass linewidth is given by<ref name="DLP"/><ref name="TLO"/>
 
:<math> \Delta\lambda \approx \Delta \theta \left(M {\partial\theta\over\partial\lambda} + {\partial\phi_{2,m}\over\partial\lambda} \right)^{-1}</math>
 
where the first differential refers to the angular dispersion from the grating and the second differential refers to the overall [[multiple-prism dispersion theory|dispersion from the multiple-prism beam expander]].<ref name="DLP"/><ref name="TLO"/>
 
Optimized solid-state multiple-prism grating laser oscillators have been shown, by [[F. J. Duarte|Duarte]], to generate pulsed single-longitudinal-mode emission limited only by [[Heisenberg's uncertainty principle]].<ref name=FJD1999>F. J. Duarte, Multiple-prism grating solid-state dye laser oscillator: optimized architecture, ''Appl. Opt.'' '''38''', 6347-6349 (1999).</ref>  The [[laser linewidth]] in these experiments is reported as <math>\Delta \nu</math> ≈ 350&nbsp;MHz (or <math>\Delta \lambda</math> ≈ 0.0004&nbsp;nm at 590&nbsp;nm) in pulses ~ 3 ns wide, at power levels in the kW regime.<ref name=FJD1999/>
 
==Applications==
Applications of these tunable narrow-linewidth lasers include:
 
* [[Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy]] and combustion diagnostics<ref>R. J. Hall and A. C. Eckbreth, [[Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy]]: applications to combustion diagnostics, in ''Laser Applications'' (Academic, New York, 1984) pp. 213-309.</ref>  
* [[LIDAR]]<ref>W. B. Grant, Lidar for atmospheric and hydrospheric studies, in ''Tunable Laser Applications'', 1st Ed. (Marcel-Dekker, New York, 1995) Chapter 7.</ref>
* Laser [[spectroscopy]]<ref>[[W. Demtröder]], ''Laserspektroscopie: Grundlagen und Techniken'', 5th Ed. (Springer, Berlin, 2007).</ref><ref>W. Demtröder, ''Laser Spectroscopy: Basic Principles'', 4th Ed. (Springer, Berlin, 2008).</ref>
* [[Atomic vapor laser isotope separation]]<ref>S. Singh, K. Dasgupta, S. Kumar, K. G. Manohar, L. G. Nair, U. K. Chatterjee, High-power high-repetition-rate capper-vapor-pumped dye laser, ''Opt. Eng.'' '''33''', 1894-1904 (1994).</ref><ref>A. Sugiyama, T. Nakayama, M. Kato, Y. Maruyama, T. Arisawa, Characteristics of a pressure-tuned single-mode dye laser oscillator pumped by a copper vapor oscillator, ''Opt. Eng.'' '''35''', 1093-1097 (1996).</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Dye lasers]]
*[[Solid state dye lasers]]
*[[optical cavity|Laser cavity]]
*[[Laser linewidth]]
*[[Multiple-prism dispersion theory]]
*[[Polarization rotator]]
*[[Tunable laser]]s
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
==External links==
*[http://www.opticsjournal.com/laseroscillators.htm Diagrams of MPG laser oscillators]
*[http://www.opticsjournal.com/tutorial.htm MPG tunable laser oscillators: Tutorial ]
 
[[Category:Optics]]
[[Category:Prisms]]
[[Category:Laser types]]

Latest revision as of 16:23, 9 November 2014

Initially I spent a great deal of time evaluating Rockwell rankings for different brands. For essentially the most part it seems these corporations list a very generic and apocryphal vary. In my view there are many different components which are extra essential in buying a knife, amongst which is beauty appeal. Clearly Spyderco Delica 4 Knife Center (had me going) I'm involved with a top quality knife, however a very good knife is an efficient knife. You don’t should name the metal company to confirm the alloy. The Benchmade Mini-Barrage is almost overkill for fishing usage. Nevertheless, in the event you carry a knife for day-after-day carry anyway, why not one that will slice virtually effortlessly?



Like all outdoor activities the most effective time to search for artifacts is anytime which you can. That being stated some occasions are better than others. My favorite time is during a drought. As many activities had been based mostly around water, many artifacts are discovered kitchen knives within the water. During a drought water levels are lowered exposing areas to the bare eye that can not normally be seen. Along with historic objects I've discovered many cash, watches, and pocket knives doing this. One other good time is after a flood. The flooded waters churn the rocks and soil and uncover beforehand unexposed items.

Going past this, you'll notice a number of firms testing the static load of a lock, that's, how much weight can a lock maintain without the load or the knife transferring. This is an fascinating check, however one which has little in the way in which of real world implications. Some companies will throw out huge numbers and have videos with tiny knives maintain an entire set of weights. Those self same videos have folks carefully and gently place weight on the knife. How usually are you rigorously and gently utilizing your knife to say, cling off the facet of a constructing or step over a fence? Never.

Want a knife that fits in your wallet? The SOG Access Card 2.zero is an interesting design that resembles something James Bond would carry. When closed it’s about three and a half inches long and weighs in at under two ounces. The VG-10 stainless steel blade is lower than three inches lengthy and less than 0.1 inches thick. It makes use of SOG’s Arc–Lock which permits for ambidextrous deployment and a tremendously strong locking mechanism. The included pocket clip can be used to carry your loose stash of $a hundred payments or platinum credit cards (yeah proper!). Boker Magnum Bulldog.

Honing straightens the misaligned fringe of the knife blade. It is best to hone your knife each time you use it – just earlier than slicing and after you wash and dry the knife. A sharpening metal is used to hone a knife and is normally a cylindrical rod, roughly about 12 inches long. Some sharpening steels have a flattened space. Most sharpening steels are manufactured penknives from onerous steel, however some are fabricated from ceramic. To hone your knife, you run the enterprise side of the knife blade across the sharpening steel to get the blade edge back in alignment. Honing can be done as the last step of sharpening.

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The deal with is fabricated from G-10 and has a metal liner. The steel liner gives the knife a very solid feel when open or close. When cutting, the liner makes the knife really feel as if it is a mounted blade knife. The liner lock is very thick and solid. on-line Spyderco Delica 4 Disassembly reviewers gave this knife four.5 out of 5 stars and called it “one nice knife,” “helluva knife,” and �[http://trac.misuse.org/EarthGuys/ticket/1755 �hulk knife].” KnifeUp highly recommends this knife for mid-vary consumers who need a great EDC or heavy obligation knife. #9 Columbia River Knife and Device (CRKT) M16

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