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[[Polyelectrolytes]] are charged [[polymers]] capable of stabilizing (or destabilizing) [[colloid|colloidal emulsions]] through electrostatic interactions. Their effectiveness can be dependent on [[molecular mass|molecular weight]], [[pH]], solvent [[chemical polarity|polarity]], [[ionic strength]], and the [[hydrophilic-lipophilic balance]] (HLB). Stabilized [[emulsions]] are useful in many industrial processes, including [[flocculation|deflocculation]], drug delivery, petroleum waste treatment, and food technology.
Four or five years ago, a reader of some of my columns bought the domain name jamesaltucher.com and gave it to me as a birthday gift. It was a total surprise to me. I didn't even know the reader. I hope one day we meet.<br>Two years ago a friend of mine, Tim Sykes, insisted I had to have a blog. He set it up for me. He even wrote the "About Me". I didn't want a blog. I had nothing to say. But about 6 or 7 months ago I decided I wanted to take this blog seriously. I kept putting off changing the "About Me" which was no longer really about me and maybe never was.<br>A few weeks ago I did a chapter in one of the books in Seth Godin's "The Domino Project". The book is out and called "No Idling". Mohit Pawar organized it (here's Mohit's blog) and sent me a bunch of questions recently. It's intended to be an interview on his blog but I hope Mohit forgives me because I want to use it as my new "About Me" also.<br>1. You are a trader, investor, writer, and entrepreneur? Which of these roles you enjoy the most and why?<br>When I first moved to New York City in 1994 I wanted to be everything to everyone. I had spent the six years prior to that writing a bunch of unpublished novels and unpublished short stories. I must've sent out 100s of stories to literary journals. I got form rejections from every publisher, journal, and agent I sent my novels and stories to.<br>Now, in 1994, everything was possible. The money was in NYC. Media was here. I lived in my 10�10 room and pulled suits out of a garbage bag every morning but it didn't matter...the internet was revving up and I knew how to build a website. One of the few in the city. My sister warned me though: nobody here is your friend. Everybody wants something<br>
 
And I wanted something. I wanted the fleeting feelings of success, for the first time ever, in order to feel better about myself. I wanted a girl next to me. I wanted to build and sell companies and finally prove to everyone I was the smartest. I wanted to do a TV show. I wanted to write books<br>
==Types of Polyelectrolytes==
But everything involved having a master. Clients. Employers. Investors. Publishers. The market (the deadliest master of all). Employees. I was a slave to everyone for so many years. And the more shackles I had on, the lonelier I got<br>
 
(Me in the Fortress of Solitude<br>
Polyelectrolytes are made up of positively or negatively charged [[repeat unit]]s. The [[ion|charge]] on a polyelectrolyte depends on the different properties of the solution, such as the degree of dissociation of the monomer units, the solvent properties, salt concentration, [[pH]], and temperature.
Much of the time, even when I had those moments of success, I didn't know how to turn it into a better life. I felt ugly and then later, I felt stupid when I would let the success dribble away down the sink<br>
 
I love writing because every now and then that ugliness turns into honesty. When I write, I'm only a slave to myself. When I do all of those other things you ask about, I'm a slave to everyone else<br>
Polymers become charged through the dissociation of the [[repeat unit|monomer side groups]]. If more monomer side groups are dissociated, the polymer has a higher charge. In turn, the [[ion|charge]] of the polymer classifies the polyelectrolyte, which can be positive (cationic) or negative (anionic).
Some links<br>
 
33 Unusual Tips to Being a Better Write<br>
The polymer charge and [[ionic strength]] of the polyelectrolyte in question dictate how thick a polyelectrolyte layer will be. The thickness of a polyelectrolyte then affects its [[adsorption]] ability.<ref name=Saleh>{{cite journal|last=Saleh, N.; Sarbu, T.; Sirk, K.; Lowry, G. V.; Matyjaszewski, K. and Tilton, R. D. | title=Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Highly Charged Polyelectrolyte-Grafted Silica Nanoparticles| journal=Langmuir|year=2005|volume=21|pages=9873–9878}}</ref> For more information on polyelectrolyte adsorption, look [[polyelectrolyte adsorption|here]].
"The Tooth<br>
 
(one of my favorite posts on my blog<br><br>
Some examples of polyelectrolytes can be found in the table below. The properties of the polymers vary with molecular weight and degree of polymerization.<ref>The [[molecular mass|molar masses]] and [[degree of polymerization]] reported are specific examples of [[polyelectrolytes]] synthesized and reported in various studies.</ref>
2. What inspires you to get up and start working/writing every day<br>
 
The other day I had breakfast with a fascinating guy who had just sold a piece of his fund of funds. He told me what "fracking" was and how the US was going to be a major oil player again. We spoke for two hours about a wide range of topics, including what happens when we can finally implant a google chip in our brains<br>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
After that I had to go onto NPR because I firmly believe that in one important respect we are degenerating as a country - we are graduating a generation of indentured servants who will spend 50 years or more paying down their student debt rather than starting companies and curing cancer. So maybe I made a difference<br>
|-
Then I had lunch with a guy I hadn't seen in ten years. In those ten years he had gone to jail and now I was finally taking the time to forgive him for something he never did to me. I felt bad I hadn't helped him when he was at his low point. Then I came home and watched my kid play clarinet at her school. Then I read until I fell asleep. Today I did nothing but write. Both days inspired me<br>
! Polyelectrolyte and Type !! Pk<sub>a</sub> of Monomer Unit (in water)!! Molar Mass (g/mol)<ref name=Kogej>{{cite journal|last=Kogej, K.| title=Association and structure formation in oppositely charged polyelectrolyte-surfactant mixtures| journal=Advances in Colloid and Interface Science|year=2010|volume=158|pages=68–83}}</ref> !! Degree of polymerization<ref name=Kogej />!! Structure
It also inspires me that I'm being asked these questions. Whenever anyone asks me to do anything I'm infinitely grateful. Why me? I feel lucky. I like it when someone cares what I think. I'll write and do things as long as anyone cares. I honestly probably wouldn't write if nobody cared. I don't have enough humility for that, I'm ashamed to admit<br><br>
|-
3. Your new book "How to be the luckiest person alive" has just come out. What is it about<br>
| PSS (anionic) || -0.53<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dong, H.; Du, H.; Wickramasinghe, S. R. and Qian, X.| title=The Effects of Chemical Substitution and Polymerization on the pK<sub>a</sub> Values of Sulfonic Acids| journal=J. Phys. Chem.|year=2009|volume=113|pages=14094–14101}}</ref> || 70,000 || 340 || [[File:PSS.png|thumb|75x75px|PSS]]
When I was a kid I thought I needed certain things: a college education from a great school, a great home, a lot of money, someone who would love me with ease. I wanted people to think I was smart. I wanted people to think I was even special.  And as I grew older more and more goals got added to the list: a high chess rating, a published book, perfect weather, good friends,  respect in various fields, etc. I lied to myself that I needed these things to be happy. The world was going to work hard to give me these things, I thought. But it turned out the world owed me no favors<br>
|-
And gradually, over time, I lost everything I had ever gained. Several times. I've paced at night so many times wondering what the hell was I going to do next or trying not to care. The book is about regaining your sanity, regaining your happiness, finding luck in all the little pockets of life that people forget about. It's about turning away from the religion you've been hypnotized into believing into the religion you can find inside yourself every moment of the day<br><br>
| PAA (anionic)|| 4.35<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dippy, J. F. J.Hughes, S. R. C. and Rozanzki, A.| title=The dissociation constants of some symmetrically disubstituted succinic acids| journal=J. Am. Soc.|year=1959|pages=2492}}</ref> || 10,000|| 140 || [[File:PAA.png|thumb|75x75px|PAA]]
[Note: in a few days I'm going to do a post on self-publishing and also how to get the ebook for free. The link above is to the paperback. Kindle should be ready soon also.<br>
|-
Related link: Why I Write Books Even Though I've Lost Money On Every Book I've Ever Writte<br>
| APMA (cationic) || 5.0<ref>{{cite journal|last=Nayak, S. P.| title=Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Multiresponsive Microgels| journal=Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology|year=2004}}</ref> || 131,000 || 1528 || [[File:APMA.png|75x75px|thumb|APMA]]
4. Is it possible to accelerate success? If yes, how<br><br><br>
|-
Yes, and it's the only way I know actually to achieve success. Its by following the Daily Practice I [http://Outline.com/ outline] in this post:<br>
| PEA (cationic) || 1.2<ref>{{cite journal|last=Unerberg, W. J. M. and Lingeman, H.| title=Determination of pK<sub>a</sub> Values of Some Prototropic Function in Mitomycin and Porfiromycin| journal=J. Pharm. Sciences|year=1983|volume=72|pages=553–556}}</ref> || 3600|| 36 || [[File:PEA.png|thumb|75x75px|PEA]]
It's the only way I know to exercise every muscle from the inside of you to the outside of you. I firmly believe that happiness starts with that practice<br>
|-
5. You say that discipline, persistence and psychology are important if one has to achieve success. How can one work on improving "psychology" part<br>
| Poly-L-arginine (cationic) || 9.0<ref>{{cite book | author=Van Holde, K. E. and Mathews, C. K. | title=Biochemistry| year=1990| publisher=Benjamin-Cummings| isbn=978-0-805-33931-4}}</ref> || 15,000-70,000<ref name=Cha>{{cite journal|last=Cha, J. N.; Birkedal, H.; Euliss, L. E.; Bartl, M. H.; Wong, M. S.; Deming, T. J. and Stucky, G. D.| title=Spontaneous Formation of Nanoparticle Vesicles from Homopolymer Polyelectrolytes| journal=J. Am. Chem. Soc.|year=2003|volume=125|pages=8285–8289}}</ref> || 96-450<ref name=Cha /> || [[File:IPMA.png|thumb|75x75px|Poly-L-arginine]]
Success doesn't really mean anything. People want to be happy in a harsh and unforgiving world. It's very difficult. We're so lucky most of us live in countries without major wars. Our kids aren't getting killed by random gunfire. We all have cell phones. We all can communicate with each other on the [http://Www.Sharkbayte.com/keyword/Internet Internet]. We have Google to catalog every piece of information in history!  We are so amazingly lucky already<br>
|}
How can it be I was so lucky to be born into such a body? In New York City of all places? Just by being born in such a way on this planet was an amazing success<br>
 
So what else is there? The fact is that most of us, including me, have a hard time being happy with such ready-made success. We quickly adapt and want so much more out of life. It's not wars or disease that kill us. It's the minor inconveniences that add up in life. It's the times we feel slighted or betrayed. Or even slightly betrayed. Or overcharged. Or we miss a train. Or it's raining today. Or the dishwasher doesn't work. Or the supermarket doesn't have the food we like. We forget how good the snow tasted when we were kids. Now we want gourmet food at every meal<br>
==Types of Emulsions==
Taking a step back, doing the Daily Practice I outline in the question above. For me, the results of that bring me happiness. That's success. Today. And hopefully tomorrow<br>
 
6. You advocate not sending kids to college. What if kids grow up and then blame their parents about not letting them get a college education<br>
The two main types of [[emulsions]] are oil-in-water ([[chemical polarity|nonpolar in polar]]) and water-in-oil ([[chemical polarity|polar in nonpolar]]).  The difference depends upon the nature of the [[surfactant]] or [[polyelectrolyte]] in question. The [[hydrophile|hydrophilic]] pieces will attract the polar solvent, creating a water-in-oil emulsion and the [[hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] pieces will attract the nonpolar solvent, creating an oil-in-water emulsion.
I went to one of my kid's music recitals yesterday. She was happy to see me. I hugged her afterwards. She played "the star wars theme" on the clarinet. I wish I could've played that for my parents. My other daughter has a dance recital in a few weeks. I tried to give her tips but she laughed at me. I was quite the breakdancer in my youth. The nerdiest breakdancer on the planet. I want to be present for them. To love them. To let them always know that in their own dark moments, they know I will listen to them. I love them. Even when they cry and don't always agree with me. Even when they laugh at me because sometimes I act like a clown<br>
 
Later, if they want to blame me for anything at all then I will still love them. That's my "what if"<br>
==Emulsion Stability==
Two posts<br>
 
I want my daughters to be lesbian<br>
[[File:Emulsion stability.png|thumb|Schematic representation of flocculation mechanism in SDS-stabilized (top) and surfactant-free (bottom) emulsions.]]
Advice I want to give my daughter<br><br><br>
 
7. Four of your favorite posts from The Altucher Confidential<br>
When there is less [[surface tension|interfacial tension]] between the [[polyelectrolyte|polyelectrolyte particles]] and the [[emulsions]] in question, emulsions are less stable.  This is because the polyelectrolyte particles penetrate the [[flocculation|flocs]] in [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]] less when there is less [[surface tension|interfacial tension]].<ref name=Saleh />
As soon as I publish a post I get scared to death. Is it good? Will people re-tweet? Will one part of the audience of this blog like it at the expense of another part of the audience. Will I get Facebook Likes? I have to stop clinging to these things but you also need to respect the audience. I don't know. It's a little bit confusing to me. I don't have the confidence of a real writer yet<br>
 
Here are four of my favorites<br>
[[Polyelectrolytes]] [[adsorption|adsorb]] to the interface the [[emulsion]] and help stabilize it, but may or may not lower the [[surface tension|interfacial tension]]. This means that the oil or water droplets will not [[Coalescence (chemistry)|coalesce]].  
How I screwed Yasser Arafat out of $2mm (and lost another $100mm in the process<br>
 
It's Your Fault<br>
On their own, [[hydrophobe|hydrophobic]] surfactants cannot stabilize an [[emulsion]]. Although they are attracted to oil, and an oil-in-water emulsion forms, the emulsion will not stay stable for long and will eventually coalesce.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Stamkulov, N. S.; Mussabekov, K. B.; Aidarova, S. B. and Luckham, P. F.|title=Stabilisation of emulsions by using a combination of an oil soluble ionic surfactant and water soluble polyelectrolytes. I: Emulsion stabilisation and Interfacial tension measurements| journal=Elsevier|year=2008|volume=335|pages=103–106}}</ref> With the addition of a polyelectrolyte, electrostatic forces between the oil and water interface are formed and the surfactant begins to act as an “anchor” for the polyelectrolyte, stabilizing the emulsion. In addition to surfactants, nanoparticles can also help stabilize the emulsion by also providing a charged interface for the polyelectrolyte to adsorb on.<ref name=Saleh />
I'm Guilty of Torturing Wome<br>
 
The Girl Whose Name Was a Curs<br>
===Molecular Weight Effects===
Although these three are favorites I really don't post anything unless it's my favorite of that moment<br>
 
8. 3 must-read books for aspiring entrepreneurs<br>
The [[dispersion stability|stability of the emulsion]] can depend on the [[molecular mass|molecular weight]] of the accompanying polyelectrolyte. Polyelectrolytes of a high molecular weight are the most effective at stabilization. This is because they form a substantial steric barrier between oil and water, inhibiting [[particle aggregation|aggregation]]. However, if the polyelectrolyte is too heavy it will not dissolve in the solution. Instead it will form gel lumps and fail to stabilize the emulsion.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang, Y.; Kimura, K. and Dubin, P. L.|title=Polyelectrolyte-Micelle Coacervation: Effects of Micelle Surface Charge Density, Polymer Molecular Weight, and Polymer/Surfactant Ratio| journal=Macromolecules|year=2000|volume=3|pages=3324–3331}}</ref>
The key in an entrepreneur book: you want to learn business. You want to learn how to honestly communicate with your customers. You want to stand out<br>
 
The Essays of Warren Buffett by Lawrence Cunningha<br>
===pH Effects===
"The Thank you Economy" by Gary Vaynerchu<br>
 
"Purple cow" by Seth Godi<br>
The effect of [[pH]] on the [[dispersion stability|stability]] of [[polyelectrolytes]] is based upon the [[functional group]] on the polymer [[backbone chain|backbone]] that is bearing the charge. A protonated [[amine]], for instance, will be much more stable at a lower pH while a [[sulfonate|sulfonate group]] will be more stable at a higher pH.
9. I love your writing, so do so many others out there. Who are your favorite writers<br>
 
"Jesus's Son" by Denis Johnson is the best collection of short stories ever written. I'm afraid I really don't like his novels though<br>
===Solvent Effects===
"Tangents" by M. Prado. A beautiful series of graphic stories about relationships<br>
 
Other writers: Miranda July, Ariel Leve, Mary Gaitskill, Charles Bukowski, [http://www.pcs-systems.co.uk/Images/celinebag.aspx Celine Bag Online], Sam Lipsyte, William Vollmann, Raymond Carver. Arthur Nersesian. Stephen Dubner<br><br>
[[Polyelectrolytes]] will be much more soluble in polar solvents due to the charge on the polymer backbone and will spread out more. In nonpolar solvents, polyelectrolytes will coil becoming more densely packed and, if the backbone is nonpolar, will put the charge on the inside of the packed structure.<ref name=Stokes>{{cite book | author=Stokes, R. J. and Evans, D. F. | title=Fundamentals of Interfacial Engineering| year=1996| publisher=Wiley-VCH| isbn=978-0-471-18647-2}}</ref>
(Bukowski<br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br>
 
Many writers are only really good storytellers. Most writers come out of a cardboard factory MFA system and lack a real voice. A real voice is where every word exposes ten levels of hypocrisy in the world and brings us all the way back to see reality. The writers above have their own voices, their own pains, and their unique ways of expressing those pains. Some of them are funny. Some a little more dark. I wish I could write 1/10 as good as any of them<br><br>
===Ionic Strength===
10. You are a prolific writer. Do you have any hacks that help you write a lot in little time<br>
[[File:Effects of Salt Condition on Polyelectrolytes.png|thumb|The effects of salt concentration on polyelectrolytes structure.]]
Coffee, plus everything else coffee does for you first thing in the morning<br>
 
Only write about things you either love or hate. But if you hate something, try to find a tiny gem buried in the bag of dirt so you can reach in when nobody is looking and put that gem in your pocket. Stealing a diamond in all the shit around us and then giving it away for free via writing is a nice little hack, Being fearless precisely when you are most scared is the best hack<br><br>
[[Ionic strength]] plays a crucial role in [[dispersion stability|stability]]. In water-in-oil emulsions, as well as many others, the dielectric constant of the solvent is so low that the [[Coulombs Law|electrostatic forces]] between particles are not strong enough to have an effect on emulsion stability. Thus, [[dispersion stability|emulsion stability]] depends greatly on the [[polyelectrolyte|polyelectrolyte film thickness]].<ref name=Steitz>{{cite journal|last=Steitz, R.; Jaeger, W.; and Klitzing, R. V.|title=Influence of Charge Density and Ionic Strength on the Multilayer Formation of Strong Polyelectrolytes| journal=Langmuir|year=2001|volume=17|pages=4471–4474}}</ref>
11. I totally get and love your idea about bleeding as a writer, appreciate if you share more with the readers of this blog<br>
 
Most people worry about what other people think of them. Most people worry about their health. Most people are at a crossroads and don't know how to take the next step and which road to take it on. Everyone is in a perpetual state of 'where do I put my foot next'. Nobody, including me, can avoid that<br>
The [[polyelectrolyte|polyelectrolyte film thickness]] is dependent upon its [[ionic strength]].<ref name=Steitz /> charged species on polyelectrolyte chains repel each other, causing the chains to stretch out. As the salt concentration increases, ionic strength increases, and the ions will shield the charges on the polymer chain allowing the polymer chain to form a dense random coil.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wang, Y.; Kimura, K,; Huang, Q. and Dubin, P. L.|title=Effects of Salt on Polyelectrolyte-Micelle Coacervation| journal=Macromolecules|year=1999|volume=32|pages=7128–7134}}</ref>
You and I both need to wash our faces in the morning, brush our teeth, shower, shit, eat, fight the weather, fight the colds that want to attack us if we're not ready. Fight loneliness or learn how to love and appreciate the people who want to love you back. And learn how to forgive and love the people who are even more stupid and cruel than we are. We're afraid to tell each other these things because they are all both disgusting and true<br>
 
You and I both have the same color blood. If I cut my wrist open you can see the color of my blood. You look at it and see that it's the same color as yours. We have something in common. It doesn't have to be shameful. It's just red. Now we're friends. No matter whom you are or where you are from. I didn't have to lie to you to get you to be my friend<br>
==Theory==
Related Links<br>
 
How to be a Psychic in Ten Easy Lesson<br>
===Electrostatic Stabilization===
My New Year's Resolution in 199<br><br><br>
 
12. What is your advice for young entrepreneurs<br>
[[Coulombs Law|Electrostatic repulsive forces]] dominate in polyelectrolyte stabilized emulsions.,<ref name=Saleh /><ref name=Fleer>{{cite book | author=Fleer, G. J.; Stuart, M. A.; Scheutjens, J. M. H. M.; Cosgrove, T. and Vincent, B. | title=Polymers at Interfaces.| year=1993| publisher=Chapman & Hall| isbn=978-0-412-58160-1}}</ref> Although there are [[steric effects|steric interactions]], they  are negligible in comparison. As the [[concentration]] of polyelectrolyte increases, repulsive forces increase. When there are more [[polyelectrolyte]] molecules, the distance between individual particles decreases. As the distance <math>h</math> decreases, the exponential term becomes greater. Consequently, the repulsion energy also increases.
Only build something you really want to use yourself. There's got to be one thing you are completely desperate for and no matter where you look you can't find it. Nobody has invented it yet. So there you go - you invent it. If there's other people like you, you have a business. Else. You fail. Then do it again. Until it works. One day it will<br>
 
Follow these 100 Rules<br>
[[File:Electrostatic repulsive force vs distance for polyelectrolytes fixed.png|thumb|This graph illustrates eq. 1. It can be seen that as the surface to surface particle distance decreases, the electrostatic repulsive force decreases exponentially.<ref>Adapted from {{cite journal|last=Philip, J.; Mondain-Monval, O.; Calderon, F. L. and Bibette, J.|title=Colloidal Force Measurements in the Presence of a Polyelectrolyte|journal=Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics|year=1997|volume=30|pages=2798–2803}}</ref>]]
The 100 Rules for Being a Good Entrepreneur<br>
 
And, in particular this<br>
The general equation for repulsion energy assuming spherical particles (eq. 1):
The Easiest Way to Succeed as an Entrepreneu<br>
 
In my just released book I have more chapters on my experiences as an entrepreneur<br>
<br />
13. I advocate the concept of working at a job while building your business. You have of course lived it. Now as you look back, what is your take on this? Is it possible to make it work while sailing on two boats<br><br>
<math>V = \frac{64\pi RC k_BT \Gamma e^{-Kh}}{K^2}, </math>
Your boss wants everything out of you. He wants you to work 80 hours a week. He wants to look good taking credit for your work. He wants your infinite loyalty. So you need something back<br>
 
Exploit your employer. It's the best way to get good experience, clients, contacts. It's a legal way to steal. It's a fast way to be an entrepreneur because you see what large companies with infinite money are willing to pay for. If you can provide that, you make millions. It's how many great businesses have started and will always start. It's how every exit I've had started<br>
where <br />
14. Who is a "person with true moral fiber"? In current times are there any role models who are people with true moral fiber<br><br><br>
:<math>R</math> = particle radius
I don't really know the answer. I think I know a few people like that. I hope I'm someone like that. And I pray to god the people I'm invested in are like that and my family is like that<br>
:<math>C</math> = bulk concentration of ions
I find most people to be largely mean and stupid, a vile combination. It's not that I'm pessimistic or cynical. I'm very much an optimist. It's just reality. Open the newspaper or turn on the TV and watch these people<br>
:<math>k_B</math> = Boltzmann constant
Moral fiber atrophies more quickly than any muscle on the body. An exercise I do every morning is to promise myself that "I'm going to save a life today" and then leave it in the hands of the Universe to direct me how I can best do that. Through that little exercise plus the Daily Practice described above I hope to keep regenerating that fiber<br><br>
:<math>\Gamma</math> = reduced surface potential
15.   Your message to the readers of this blog<br>
:<math>h</math> = the surface to surface distance of the spherical particles
Skip dinner. But follow me on Twitter.<br><br><br><br>
:<math>T</math> = the temperature in Kelvin
Read more posts on The Altucher Confidential �
:<math>K</math> = the Debye length<br />.
More from The Altucher Confidentia<br>
 
Life is Like a Game. Here�s How You Master ANY Gam<br><br>
In addition, [[pH]] and [[ionic strength]] have a great influence on [[Coulombs Law|electrostatic interactions]] because these affect the "magnitude of electrical charge" in solution.<ref name=Guzey>{{cite journal|last=Guzey, D. and McClements, J.|title=Impact of Electrostatic Interactions of Formation and Stability of Emulsions Containing Oil Droplets Coated by β-Lactoglobulin-Pectin-Complexes|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|year=2007|volume=55|pages=475–485}}</ref> As can be seen from the above equation, the repulsion energy depends on the square of the [[Debye length]]. From the equation for the [[Debye length]], it is demonstrated how ionic strength can ultimately affect the electrostatic interactions in a solution.
Step By Step Guide to Make $10 Million And Then Totally Blow <br><br>
 
Can You Do One Page a Day?
===Bjerrum length===
 
Naturally, the question of the distance at which these [[Coulombs Law|electrostatic interactions]] become important arises. This can be discussed using the [[Bjerrum length]]. The Bjerrum length is the distance at which the electrostatic interaction between two charges is comparable to the [[thermal energy]], <math>k_BT</math>. The distance is given by eq. 2:
 
<math>\lambda_B = \frac{e^2}{4\pi \varepsilon_r\varepsilon_0\  k_B T},</math>
 
where<br />
:<math>e</math> = elementary charge
:<math>\varepsilon_0</math> = vacuum permittivity
:<math>\varepsilon_r</math> = relative dielectric constant.
 
===Surface Charge Density===
 
The factors discussed above can influence the charge on the surface of the polyelectrolyte. The [[surface charge density]] of these surfaces, at low surface potentials, can be modeled using a simplified version of the Grahame equation (eq. 3):
 
<math>\sigma={\varepsilon_r\varepsilon_0\phi_0}{K},</math>
 
where<br />
:<math>\phi_0</math> = surface potential.
 
Examples of polymers and their surface charge densities can be found in the table below.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Polymer !! Surface Charge Density <math>(\frac{C}{m^2})</math>!! Structure
|-
| Latex || -0.06<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gessner, A.; Lieske, A.; Paulke, B. R. and Müller, R. H.| title=Influence of surface charge density on protein adsorption on polymeric nanoparticles: analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis| journal=European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics|year=2002|volume=54|pages=165–170}}</ref> || [[File:Latex.png|thumb|75x75px|Latex]]
|-
| Pectin || -0.011<ref name=Guzey /> ||[[File:Pectin.png|thumb|75x75px|Pectin]]
|-
| PAA (0.1% dwb in ZrO<sub>2</sub>) || -0.088<ref>{{cite journal|last=Leong, Y. K.; Scales, P. J.; Healy, T. W. and Boger, D. V.| title=Interparticle forces arising from adsorbed polyelectrolytes in colloidal suspensions| journal=Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects|year=1995|volume=95|pages=43–52}}</ref> || [[File:PAA.png|thumb|75x75px|PAA]]
|-
|}
 
==Applications==
 
===Deflocculation===
 
Depending on the situation, [[polyelectrolytes]] can function as either [[flocculation|flocculants or deflocculants]]. In order to [[dispersion stability|stabilize emulsion]], deflocculant polyelectrolytes are required.
When repulsive forces between particles overcome the [[intermolecular force]]s in solution and the loose flocculated aggregates separate, deflocculation occurs. As opposed to the loose and easily separated sediments formed in flocculation, sediments formed in deflocculation are tightly packed and difficult to redisperse.
The repelling forces in a deflocculation increase the [[zeta potential]], which in turn reduces the [[viscosity]] of the [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]]. Because of this reduction in viscosity, deflocculants are sometimes referred to as “thinning agents”. These thinning agents are usually [[alkalinity|alkaline]] and raise the [[pH]] of the [[suspension (chemistry)|suspension]], preventing [[flocculation]]. Deflocculants are used as thinning agents in molding plastics, making glassware, and creating clay ceramics.<ref name=Evans>{{cite book | author=Evans, D. F. and Wennerström, H. | title=The Colloidal Domain: Where Physics, Chemistry, Biology, and Technology Meet.| year=1999| publisher=Wiley-VCH| isbn=978-0-471-24247-5}}</ref>
 
===Petroleum Waste Treatment===
 
[[Polyelectrolytes]] can also act as [[flocculation|flocculants]], separating solids (flakes) and liquids in industrial processes such as [[solubilization]] and oil recovery and they usually have a large cationic [[charge density]].
 
Using [[organic compounds|organic materials]] to refine [[petroleum]] instead of [[iron]] or [[aluminum]] coagulated would greatly decrease that amount of inorganic waste produced.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Luthy, Richard G; Selleck, Robert E; and Galloway, Terry R|title=Surface Properties of Petroleum Refinery Waste Oil Emulsions|journal=Environmental Science and Technology|year=1977|volume=11|issue=13|pages=1211–1217}}</ref> The waste consists of stable oil-in-water emulsions. The addition of various polyelectrolytes to petroleum waste can cause the oil to coagulate, which will make it easier to remove and dispose of, and does not significantly decrease the stability of the solution.
 
===Drug Delivery===
[[File:Ester cleavage.png|thumb|Hydrolysis of an ester bond on poly([[HPMA]]-[[DMAE]]).]]
 
[[Polyelectrolyte]] stabilized emulsions are important in the field of [[nanomedicine]]. In order to function properly, any drug delivery system must be [[biocompatibility|biocompatible]] and [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]].  Polyelectrolytes such as dextran sulfate (DSS), protamine (PRM) or poly-L-arginine all fulfill these requirements and may be used as a capsule with an [[emulsion]] inside.<ref name="Cingolani, R. 2010 419">{{cite journal|last=Cingolani, R.|title=Imatinib-loaded polyelectrolyte microcapsules for sustained targeting of BCR-ABL.sup.+ leukemia stem cells|journal=Nanomedicine|year=2010|volume=5|issue=3|pages=419}}</ref>
 
Oil in water emulsions are currently used as safe [[solvents]] for [[vaccine]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Fox, C.|title=Immunomodulatory and Physical Effects of Oil Composition in Vaccine Adjuvant Emulsions|journal=Vaccine|year= 2011|volume=29|issue=1|pages=9563–9572}}</ref> It is important that these emulsion are [[dispersion stability|stable]] and remain so for long periods of time.  Polyelectrolyte stabilized emulsions could be used to increase the shelf life of vaccines. Researchers have been able to develop polyelectrolyte emulsions with more than six month stability.<ref name=Saleh />
 
In addition to being stable for extended periods of time, polyelectrolytes may be useful for vaccines because they can be [[Biodegradation|biodegradable]]. For example, the [[ester|ester bonds]] of the polyelectrolyte poly([[HPMA]]-[[DMAE]]) can undergo [[hydrolysis]] in the human body and [[vero cell|VERO cells]] envelope DSS and use poly-L-arginine to break them down.<ref>{{cite journal|last=De Geest, B. G.; De Koker, S.; Sukhorukov, G. B.; Kreft, O.; Parak, W.; Skkirtach, A.; Demeester, J.; De Smedt, S. and Hennink, W.|title=Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules for Biomedical Applications|journal=Soft Matter|year=2009|volume=5|issue=2|pages=282–291}}</ref> Once the polylelectroyte capsule has been degraded, the emulsion containing drug is released into the body. Researchers have been investigating this drug delivery method to target leukemia cells.<ref name="Cingolani, R. 2010 419"/>
 
===Food Technology===
 
Because polyelectrolytes may be [[biocompatibility|biocompatible]], it follows that they can be used to [[dispersion stability|stabilize emulsion]] in foods. Several studies have focused on using [[polyelectrolytes]] to induce mixing of [[proteins]] and [[polysaccharides]] in oil-in-water emulsions. DSS has been successfully used to stabilize these types of emulsions.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Antonov, Y.A. and Moldenaers, P.|title=Strong Polyelectrolyte - Induced Mixing in Concentrated Aqueous Emulsions|journal=Food Hydrocolloids|year=2012|volume=28|issue =1|pages=213–223}}</ref> Other studies have focused on stabilizing oil-in-water emsulsions using β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg), a globular protein, and pectin, an anionic polysaccharide. Both β-lactoglobulin and pectin are common ingredients in the food industry. β-lactoglobulin is used in whey protein, which can act as an emulsifier.<ref name=Guzey />
 
==References==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Chemical processes]]

Revision as of 05:02, 23 February 2014

Four or five years ago, a reader of some of my columns bought the domain name jamesaltucher.com and gave it to me as a birthday gift. It was a total surprise to me. I didn't even know the reader. I hope one day we meet.
Two years ago a friend of mine, Tim Sykes, insisted I had to have a blog. He set it up for me. He even wrote the "About Me". I didn't want a blog. I had nothing to say. But about 6 or 7 months ago I decided I wanted to take this blog seriously. I kept putting off changing the "About Me" which was no longer really about me and maybe never was.
A few weeks ago I did a chapter in one of the books in Seth Godin's "The Domino Project". The book is out and called "No Idling". Mohit Pawar organized it (here's Mohit's blog) and sent me a bunch of questions recently. It's intended to be an interview on his blog but I hope Mohit forgives me because I want to use it as my new "About Me" also.
1. You are a trader, investor, writer, and entrepreneur? Which of these roles you enjoy the most and why?
When I first moved to New York City in 1994 I wanted to be everything to everyone. I had spent the six years prior to that writing a bunch of unpublished novels and unpublished short stories. I must've sent out 100s of stories to literary journals. I got form rejections from every publisher, journal, and agent I sent my novels and stories to.
Now, in 1994, everything was possible. The money was in NYC. Media was here. I lived in my 10�10 room and pulled suits out of a garbage bag every morning but it didn't matter...the internet was revving up and I knew how to build a website. One of the few in the city. My sister warned me though: nobody here is your friend. Everybody wants something
And I wanted something. I wanted the fleeting feelings of success, for the first time ever, in order to feel better about myself. I wanted a girl next to me. I wanted to build and sell companies and finally prove to everyone I was the smartest. I wanted to do a TV show. I wanted to write books
But everything involved having a master. Clients. Employers. Investors. Publishers. The market (the deadliest master of all). Employees. I was a slave to everyone for so many years. And the more shackles I had on, the lonelier I got
(Me in the Fortress of Solitude
Much of the time, even when I had those moments of success, I didn't know how to turn it into a better life. I felt ugly and then later, I felt stupid when I would let the success dribble away down the sink
I love writing because every now and then that ugliness turns into honesty. When I write, I'm only a slave to myself. When I do all of those other things you ask about, I'm a slave to everyone else
Some links
33 Unusual Tips to Being a Better Write
"The Tooth
(one of my favorite posts on my blog

2. What inspires you to get up and start working/writing every day
The other day I had breakfast with a fascinating guy who had just sold a piece of his fund of funds. He told me what "fracking" was and how the US was going to be a major oil player again. We spoke for two hours about a wide range of topics, including what happens when we can finally implant a google chip in our brains
After that I had to go onto NPR because I firmly believe that in one important respect we are degenerating as a country - we are graduating a generation of indentured servants who will spend 50 years or more paying down their student debt rather than starting companies and curing cancer. So maybe I made a difference
Then I had lunch with a guy I hadn't seen in ten years. In those ten years he had gone to jail and now I was finally taking the time to forgive him for something he never did to me. I felt bad I hadn't helped him when he was at his low point. Then I came home and watched my kid play clarinet at her school. Then I read until I fell asleep. Today I did nothing but write. Both days inspired me
It also inspires me that I'm being asked these questions. Whenever anyone asks me to do anything I'm infinitely grateful. Why me? I feel lucky. I like it when someone cares what I think. I'll write and do things as long as anyone cares. I honestly probably wouldn't write if nobody cared. I don't have enough humility for that, I'm ashamed to admit

3. Your new book "How to be the luckiest person alive" has just come out. What is it about
When I was a kid I thought I needed certain things: a college education from a great school, a great home, a lot of money, someone who would love me with ease. I wanted people to think I was smart. I wanted people to think I was even special. And as I grew older more and more goals got added to the list: a high chess rating, a published book, perfect weather, good friends, respect in various fields, etc. I lied to myself that I needed these things to be happy. The world was going to work hard to give me these things, I thought. But it turned out the world owed me no favors
And gradually, over time, I lost everything I had ever gained. Several times. I've paced at night so many times wondering what the hell was I going to do next or trying not to care. The book is about regaining your sanity, regaining your happiness, finding luck in all the little pockets of life that people forget about. It's about turning away from the religion you've been hypnotized into believing into the religion you can find inside yourself every moment of the day

[Note: in a few days I'm going to do a post on self-publishing and also how to get the ebook for free. The link above is to the paperback. Kindle should be ready soon also.
Related link: Why I Write Books Even Though I've Lost Money On Every Book I've Ever Writte
4. Is it possible to accelerate success? If yes, how


Yes, and it's the only way I know actually to achieve success. Its by following the Daily Practice I outline in this post:
It's the only way I know to exercise every muscle from the inside of you to the outside of you. I firmly believe that happiness starts with that practice
5. You say that discipline, persistence and psychology are important if one has to achieve success. How can one work on improving "psychology" part
Success doesn't really mean anything. People want to be happy in a harsh and unforgiving world. It's very difficult. We're so lucky most of us live in countries without major wars. Our kids aren't getting killed by random gunfire. We all have cell phones. We all can communicate with each other on the Internet. We have Google to catalog every piece of information in history! We are so amazingly lucky already
How can it be I was so lucky to be born into such a body? In New York City of all places? Just by being born in such a way on this planet was an amazing success
So what else is there? The fact is that most of us, including me, have a hard time being happy with such ready-made success. We quickly adapt and want so much more out of life. It's not wars or disease that kill us. It's the minor inconveniences that add up in life. It's the times we feel slighted or betrayed. Or even slightly betrayed. Or overcharged. Or we miss a train. Or it's raining today. Or the dishwasher doesn't work. Or the supermarket doesn't have the food we like. We forget how good the snow tasted when we were kids. Now we want gourmet food at every meal
Taking a step back, doing the Daily Practice I outline in the question above. For me, the results of that bring me happiness. That's success. Today. And hopefully tomorrow
6. You advocate not sending kids to college. What if kids grow up and then blame their parents about not letting them get a college education
I went to one of my kid's music recitals yesterday. She was happy to see me. I hugged her afterwards. She played "the star wars theme" on the clarinet. I wish I could've played that for my parents. My other daughter has a dance recital in a few weeks. I tried to give her tips but she laughed at me. I was quite the breakdancer in my youth. The nerdiest breakdancer on the planet. I want to be present for them. To love them. To let them always know that in their own dark moments, they know I will listen to them. I love them. Even when they cry and don't always agree with me. Even when they laugh at me because sometimes I act like a clown
Later, if they want to blame me for anything at all then I will still love them. That's my "what if"
Two posts
I want my daughters to be lesbian
Advice I want to give my daughter


7. Four of your favorite posts from The Altucher Confidential
As soon as I publish a post I get scared to death. Is it good? Will people re-tweet? Will one part of the audience of this blog like it at the expense of another part of the audience. Will I get Facebook Likes? I have to stop clinging to these things but you also need to respect the audience. I don't know. It's a little bit confusing to me. I don't have the confidence of a real writer yet
Here are four of my favorites
How I screwed Yasser Arafat out of $2mm (and lost another $100mm in the process
It's Your Fault
I'm Guilty of Torturing Wome
The Girl Whose Name Was a Curs
Although these three are favorites I really don't post anything unless it's my favorite of that moment
8. 3 must-read books for aspiring entrepreneurs
The key in an entrepreneur book: you want to learn business. You want to learn how to honestly communicate with your customers. You want to stand out
The Essays of Warren Buffett by Lawrence Cunningha
"The Thank you Economy" by Gary Vaynerchu
"Purple cow" by Seth Godi
9. I love your writing, so do so many others out there. Who are your favorite writers
"Jesus's Son" by Denis Johnson is the best collection of short stories ever written. I'm afraid I really don't like his novels though
"Tangents" by M. Prado. A beautiful series of graphic stories about relationships
Other writers: Miranda July, Ariel Leve, Mary Gaitskill, Charles Bukowski, Celine Bag Online, Sam Lipsyte, William Vollmann, Raymond Carver. Arthur Nersesian. Stephen Dubner

(Bukowski








Many writers are only really good storytellers. Most writers come out of a cardboard factory MFA system and lack a real voice. A real voice is where every word exposes ten levels of hypocrisy in the world and brings us all the way back to see reality. The writers above have their own voices, their own pains, and their unique ways of expressing those pains. Some of them are funny. Some a little more dark. I wish I could write 1/10 as good as any of them

10. You are a prolific writer. Do you have any hacks that help you write a lot in little time
Coffee, plus everything else coffee does for you first thing in the morning
Only write about things you either love or hate. But if you hate something, try to find a tiny gem buried in the bag of dirt so you can reach in when nobody is looking and put that gem in your pocket. Stealing a diamond in all the shit around us and then giving it away for free via writing is a nice little hack, Being fearless precisely when you are most scared is the best hack

11. I totally get and love your idea about bleeding as a writer, appreciate if you share more with the readers of this blog
Most people worry about what other people think of them. Most people worry about their health. Most people are at a crossroads and don't know how to take the next step and which road to take it on. Everyone is in a perpetual state of 'where do I put my foot next'. Nobody, including me, can avoid that
You and I both need to wash our faces in the morning, brush our teeth, shower, shit, eat, fight the weather, fight the colds that want to attack us if we're not ready. Fight loneliness or learn how to love and appreciate the people who want to love you back. And learn how to forgive and love the people who are even more stupid and cruel than we are. We're afraid to tell each other these things because they are all both disgusting and true
You and I both have the same color blood. If I cut my wrist open you can see the color of my blood. You look at it and see that it's the same color as yours. We have something in common. It doesn't have to be shameful. It's just red. Now we're friends. No matter whom you are or where you are from. I didn't have to lie to you to get you to be my friend
Related Links
How to be a Psychic in Ten Easy Lesson
My New Year's Resolution in 199


12. What is your advice for young entrepreneurs
Only build something you really want to use yourself. There's got to be one thing you are completely desperate for and no matter where you look you can't find it. Nobody has invented it yet. So there you go - you invent it. If there's other people like you, you have a business. Else. You fail. Then do it again. Until it works. One day it will
Follow these 100 Rules
The 100 Rules for Being a Good Entrepreneur
And, in particular this
The Easiest Way to Succeed as an Entrepreneu
In my just released book I have more chapters on my experiences as an entrepreneur
13. I advocate the concept of working at a job while building your business. You have of course lived it. Now as you look back, what is your take on this? Is it possible to make it work while sailing on two boats

Your boss wants everything out of you. He wants you to work 80 hours a week. He wants to look good taking credit for your work. He wants your infinite loyalty. So you need something back
Exploit your employer. It's the best way to get good experience, clients, contacts. It's a legal way to steal. It's a fast way to be an entrepreneur because you see what large companies with infinite money are willing to pay for. If you can provide that, you make millions. It's how many great businesses have started and will always start. It's how every exit I've had started
14. Who is a "person with true moral fiber"? In current times are there any role models who are people with true moral fiber


I don't really know the answer. I think I know a few people like that. I hope I'm someone like that. And I pray to god the people I'm invested in are like that and my family is like that
I find most people to be largely mean and stupid, a vile combination. It's not that I'm pessimistic or cynical. I'm very much an optimist. It's just reality. Open the newspaper or turn on the TV and watch these people
Moral fiber atrophies more quickly than any muscle on the body. An exercise I do every morning is to promise myself that "I'm going to save a life today" and then leave it in the hands of the Universe to direct me how I can best do that. Through that little exercise plus the Daily Practice described above I hope to keep regenerating that fiber

15. Your message to the readers of this blog
Skip dinner. But follow me on Twitter.



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