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In [[mathematics]], especially in [[knot theory]], the '''Wirtinger presentation''' is a [[presentation of a group|presentation]] of the [[knot group]], the [[fundamental group]] of a [[knot complement]]. It is named after [[Wilhelm Wirtinger]].
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A ''[[knot (mathematics)|knot]]'' ''K'' is an embedding of the one-sphere ''S''<sup>1</sup> in three-dimensional space '''R'''<sup>3</sup>. (Alternatively, the ambient space can also be taken to be the three-sphere ''S''<sup>3</sup>, which does not make a difference for the purposes of the Wirtinger presentation.) The open subspace which is the complement of the knot, ''S''<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;\&nbsp;''K'' is the knot complement. Its [[fundamental group]] ''π''<sub>1</sub>(''S''<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;\&nbsp;''K'') is an invariant of the knot in the sense that [[knot equivalence|equivalent knots]] have isomorphic knot groups. It is therefore interesting to understand this group in an accessible way.
 
The ''Wirtinger presentation'' is derived from a regular projection of an [[oriented knot]]. Such a projection can be pictured as a finite number of (oriented) arcs in the plane, separated by the crossings of the projection. The fundamental group is generated by loops winding around each arc. Each crossing gives rise to a certain relation among the generators corresponding to the arcs meeting at the crossing.
 
This presentation may also be generalised to a presentation of the complement of a graph in '''R'''<sup>3</sup>, see the book "Topology and Groupoids".
 
== Examples==
 
For the [[trefoil knot]], the Wirtinger presentation can be shown to be
:<math>\pi_1(\mathbb R^3 \backslash \text{trefoil}) = \lang x, y | xyx = yxy \rang.</math>
This group can be shown to also have the presentation
:<math>\pi_1(\mathbb R^3 \backslash \text{trefoil}) = \lang a, b | a^2 = b^3 \rang.</math>
 
Using the Wirtinger presentation, it can be shown that the [[abelianization]] of ''π''<sub>1</sub>(''S''<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;\&nbsp;''K'') is isomorphic to '''Z''' (which also follows from the fact that this abelianization agrees with the first [[singular homology]] group of ''S''<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;\&nbsp;''K''.
 
==Further reading==
 
* {{Citation | last1=Rolfsen | first1=Dale | title=Knots and links | publisher=Publish or Perish | location=Houston, TX | series=Mathematics Lecture Series | isbn=978-0-914098-16-4 | year=1990 | volume=7}}, section 3D
 
* {{Citation | last1=Brown | first1=Ronald | title= Topology and Groupoids | publisher= Booksurge, N. Carolina | location=  | series= | isbn=1-4196-2722-8 | year=2006  | volume=}}, section 9.1 see [http://pages.bangor.ac.uk/~mas010/topgpds.html T&G]
 
[[Category:Knot theory]]

Latest revision as of 19:15, 26 August 2014

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