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In mathematics, '''Niven's theorem''', named after [[Ivan Niven]], states that the only rational values of ''&theta;'' in the interval 0&nbsp;≤&nbsp;''&theta;''&nbsp;≤&nbsp;90  for which the sine of ''&theta;''&nbsp;degrees is also a rational number are:<ref>{{cite journal|first=Norman|last=Schaumberger|title=A Classroom Theorem on Trigonometric Irrationalities|journal=[[Two-Year College Mathematics Journal]]''|volume=5|pages=73–76|year=1974|jstor=3026991}}</ref>
 
: <math>
\begin{align}
\sin 0^\circ & = 0, \\[10pt]
\sin 30^\circ & = \frac 12, \\[10pt]
\sin 90^\circ & = 1.
\end{align}
</math>
 
In radians, one would require that 0&nbsp;≤&nbsp;''x''&nbsp;≤&nbsp;{{pi}}/2, that ''x''/{{pi}} be rational, and that sin&nbsp;''x'' be rational. The conclusion is then that the only such values are sin&nbsp;0&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, sin&nbsp;{{pi}}/6&nbsp;=&nbsp;1/2, and sin&nbsp;{{pi}}/2&nbsp;=&nbsp;1.
 
The theorem appears as Corollary 3.12 in Niven's book on [[irrational number]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Niven|first=I.|author-link=Ivan Niven|title=Irrational Numbers|publisher=Wiley|page=41|year=1956|mr=0080123}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Rosenbaum, Robert A.|title=Review: ''Irrational numbers'', by Ivan Niven|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1958|volume=64|issue=2|pages=68–69
|doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1958-10170-6
}}</ref>
 
== See also ==
 
*[[Pythagorean triples]] form right triangles where sin will always have a rational result
* [[Trigonometric functions]]
* [[Trigonometric number]]
 
== Notes and references ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite journal
|first1=J. M. H. | last1=Olmsted
|title=Rational values of trigonometric functions
|year=1945 | volume=52 | number=9 |jstor=2304540 | pages=507-508
|journal=Am. Math. Montly}}
* {{cite journal | first1=Derik H. | last1=Lehmer
|title=A note on trigonometric algebraic numbers | journal=Am. Math. Monthly
|year=1933 | volume = 40 | |number=3 | pages=165-166 |jstor=2301023}}
 
== External links ==
 
* {{MathWorld | urlname=NivensTheorem | title = Niven's Theorem}}
 
[[Category:Rational numbers]]
[[Category:Trigonometry]]
[[Category:Theorems in geometry]]
[[Category:Theorems in algebra]]

Revision as of 07:12, 2 February 2014

In mathematics, Niven's theorem, named after Ivan Niven, states that the only rational values of θ in the interval 0 ≤ θ ≤ 90 for which the sine of θ degrees is also a rational number are:[1]

sin0=0,sin30=12,sin90=1.

In radians, one would require that 0 ≤ x ≤ Potter or Ceramic Artist Harry Rave from Cobden, spends time with hobbies for instance magic, property developers house in singapore singapore and fitness. Finds inspiration through travel and just spent 7 months at Keoladeo National Park./2, that x/Potter or Ceramic Artist Harry Rave from Cobden, spends time with hobbies for instance magic, property developers house in singapore singapore and fitness. Finds inspiration through travel and just spent 7 months at Keoladeo National Park. be rational, and that sin x be rational. The conclusion is then that the only such values are sin 0 = 0, sin Potter or Ceramic Artist Harry Rave from Cobden, spends time with hobbies for instance magic, property developers house in singapore singapore and fitness. Finds inspiration through travel and just spent 7 months at Keoladeo National Park./6 = 1/2, and sin Potter or Ceramic Artist Harry Rave from Cobden, spends time with hobbies for instance magic, property developers house in singapore singapore and fitness. Finds inspiration through travel and just spent 7 months at Keoladeo National Park./2 = 1.

The theorem appears as Corollary 3.12 in Niven's book on irrational numbers.[2][3]

See also

Notes and references

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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