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Ukraine crisis hits already weak economy

A board provides foreign currency rates against the Ukrainian ruble just outside an exchange office environment in Moscow on Monday. $. Markets in Europe as well as New York also fell. dollars and treasuries.

Whether the political disaster has a profound, longer term influence on the Canadian economy will depend on how long it lasts, whether or not this escalates, and on the West's answer, Bank of Montreal chief economist Doug Porter affirms. Secretary of State John Kerry opening the doors for you to sanctions.

On Monday, Pm Stephen Harper warned Moscow it faced "diplomatic and also economic isolation" and the risk of staying kicked out of the G8 group of primary industrial countries.

In immediate terms, Russia is a small but growing player in the Canadian economy.

According to government figures, Canada to Paris exports have grown eightfold in the past decade so that you can $1.5 billion in 2011, along with investment hit almost $5 million in 2012 with a number of big Canadian firms having either planted their flag or perhaps begun the process of establishing a presence in the country. Among then will be Kinross Gold and other mining worries, as well as other well known names which include Bombardier, Pratt Whitney Canada and SNCLavalin.

As well, Ottawa has been actively courting a wider wedding. With a population of 140 million, it has identified Italy as a priority market along with Trade Minister Ed Rapid led a trade pursuit Pandora Jewelry Australia for the former communist country in August 2012.

Recent events will not be good news for that initiative, neither of them for Canadian firms together with dealings in Russia, Bob Kelly, president of the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, mentioned. He said any firm a part of the country likely has a significant tolerance for risk.

"But this type of things do spook business owners should they be looking at expanding abroad,In . he said, and doing business within Russia was already "not for the light hearted."

A spokesperson regarding Kinross, one of Canada's Nike Roshe Run top investors throughout Russia, said the occasions had not affected its procedures in Russia's far east. "Our strong denver operative commercial relations while using the Russian government have Cheap Nike Shoes Australia offered us well for over several years and are a key strength for Kinross in the region , " said Andrea Mandel Campbell, the company's director of corporate communications.

Economists say the most significant influence on Canada's economy of a chilling inside relations would be through roundabout channels, however.

"If it did escalate, it certainly may chill business and purchaser confidence and spending, not just in Canada but around the world," said Porter.

"Russia is a trading spouse with Canada and if you will find serious sanctions put in place, this could have some direct affects. treasuries.

Alexander said the first pressure factor could come if Michael Kors Handbags Ukraine is unable to meet its debt commitments and there is no international assistance to coastline up its finances.

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FiILE This is a May Thirty-one 2000 file photo associated with British comedian and acting professional Rik Mayall with his wife Barbara. Mayall, one Christian Louboutin Sydney among a generation of performers that will injected post punk vitality into British comedy, possesses died. He was 56. Mayall?s management firm Brunskill Managing said the comedian died early Monday June In search of, 2014. (AP Photo/Peter Jordan/PA,File) British OUT NO SALES Zero ARCHIVE PHOTOGRAPH CAN NOT BE Kept OR USED FOR MORE THAN A fortnight AFTER THE DAY OF TRANSMISSIONIn the 1980's Mayall was part of the Comic Strip, some sort of hugely influential group of choice Canada Goose Ireland young comics that provided Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders and Mayall's crafting and performing partner, Adrian Edmondson.

He / she was best known for organization writing and performing Abercrombie And Fitch Dublin throughout "The Young Ones," a comedy about slovenly students that was treasured by those it satirized.

On tv he memorably played Conservative politician Mike B'stard in the sitcom "The New Statesman" and also lecherous Lord Flashheart in comedy typical "Blackadder."

He and Edmondson as well created and Ray Ban Aviators starred throughout "Bottom," a surreally violent slapstick string about two unemployed slobs.

"There ended up being times when Rik and I were writing together when we almost passed on laughing," Edmondson said. "They have been some of the most carefree, stupid a short time I ever had, and I feel privileged to have shared all of them him. And now he's past away for real. Without me. Egotistical bastard."

The cause of death was not immediately disclosed. London's Metropolitan Authorities said officers had been termed to the house by the emergency vehicle service on Monday, but that the death was not believed to be suspicious.

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After a long day, coming home along with opening up another box containing the promise "ready to cook" imprinted across the front may seem like your Louis Vuitton Sydney best option. However, there's a vast selection of meal choices that are not exclusively simpler, but dramatically much healthier.

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Her goal is Oakley Australia to encourage healthy attitudes with her simple 10 minute recipes, all made with fresh ingredients.

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According to Barbara Grey, exec director of the organization, Doctor. that day to discuss details of FaithCare coming February mission trip.

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FaithCare is a non profit, not denominational organization seeks to demonstrate the healing aspects of faith as soon as integrated with Nike Air Force 1 Australia medicine, as outlined by its Web site. desire would be to provide access to affordable, holistic and quality health care solutions including education for prevention of disease while assisting affected individuals with disease management, plus helping them to assume duty for their health in the USA and throughout the world.

In addition to running community health centers, events and also counseling, FaithCare conducts international adventures.

The organization was planning a trip Beats By Dre Australia to Haiti by Feb. 11 19, and also as their Haiti team leader with Florida, Hall had taken a loan trip to secure medications to make accomodations for the team, which include food and safety measures, Gray said.

FaithCare is still planning to ship its team to Haiti the following, she said, with Twenty eight team members coming from California, Big apple and Pennsylvania in addition to Ct, which is sending eight persons. They are sending such specialists as an ob gyn, an eye medical expert and an ER doctor together with a general surgeon, residents, medical students and a nurse.

mail medical MASH type units in places where most have on go, Grey said. According to Barbara Grey, executive overseer of the organization, Dr. that day to discuss details of FaithCare upcoming Feb . mission trip.

Hall, who had been an emergency room doctor in Hartford Hospital, retired to Feet. Meyers, Fla. but is still affiliated with their organization, which he signed up with in 1997, Grey stated.

FaithCare is a non profit, non denominational business seeks to demonstrate the restorative healing aspects of faith when built in with medicine, according to it is Web Ray Ban Aviators site. desire is to give access to affordable, holistic plus quality health care services together with education for prevention of condition while assisting patients along with disease management, and encouraging them to assume responsibility because of their health in the USA and throughout the world.

In addition to running local overall health centers, events and advising, FaithCare conducts international missions.

The organization was planning a trip to Haiti from January. 11 19, and as their Haiti team leader in Fl, Hall had taken an advance journey to secure medications and make accomodations for the team, including foods and safety measures, Grey claimed.

FaithCare is still planning to send it's team to Haiti next month, the girl said, with 28 team members coming from California, New York as well as Pennsylvania in addition to Connecticut, and that is sending eight people. They are sending such specialists just as one ob gyn, an eye surgeon and an ER doctor as well as a basic surgeon, residents, medical pupils and a nurse.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-[[image:Voltage Multiplier diagram.PNG|thumb|right|280px|Villard cascade voltage multiplier.]]
+== " he said Pandora Jewelry Australia ==
-A '''voltage multiplier''' is an [[electrical circuit]] that converts AC electrical power from a lower [[voltage]] to a higher DC voltage, typically using a network of [[capacitor]]s and [[diode]]s.
+Ukraine crisis hits already weak economy<br><br>A board provides foreign currency rates against the Ukrainian ruble just outside an exchange office environment in Moscow on Monday. $. Markets in Europe as well as New York also fell. dollars and treasuries.<br><br>Whether the political disaster has a profound, longer term influence on the Canadian economy will depend on how long it lasts, whether or not this escalates, and on the West's answer, Bank of Montreal chief economist Doug Porter affirms. Secretary of State John Kerry opening the doors for you to sanctions.<br><br>On Monday, Pm Stephen Harper warned Moscow it faced "diplomatic and also economic isolation" and the risk of staying kicked out of the G8 group of primary industrial countries.<br><br>In immediate terms, Russia is a small but growing player in the Canadian economy.<br><br>According to government figures, Canada to Paris exports have grown eightfold in the past decade so that you can $1.5 billion in 2011, along with investment hit almost $5 million in 2012 with a number of big Canadian firms having either planted their flag or perhaps begun the process of establishing a presence in the country. Among then will be Kinross Gold and other mining worries, as well as other well known names which include Bombardier, Pratt Whitney Canada and SNCLavalin.<br><br>As well, Ottawa has been actively courting a wider wedding. With a population of 140 million, it has identified Italy as a priority market along with Trade Minister Ed Rapid led a trade pursuit [http://www.petermeier.com.au/config/refer.asp Pandora Jewelry Australia] for the former communist country in August 2012.<br><br>Recent events will not be good news for that initiative, neither of them for Canadian firms together with dealings in Russia, Bob Kelly, president of the Canadian Federation of Independent Business, mentioned. He said any firm a part of the country likely has a significant tolerance for risk.<br><br>"But this type of things do spook business owners should they be looking at expanding abroad,In . he said, and doing business within Russia was already "not for the light hearted."<br><br>A spokesperson regarding Kinross, one of Canada's [http://www.guitarparts.com.au/modules/paypal/screws.asp Nike Roshe Run] top investors throughout Russia, said the occasions had not affected its procedures in Russia's far east. "Our strong denver operative commercial relations while using the Russian government have [http://www.plumbquick.com.au/tiny_mce/utils/menu.asp Cheap Nike Shoes Australia] offered us well for over several years and are a key strength for Kinross in the region , " said Andrea Mandel Campbell, the company's director of corporate communications.<br><br>Economists say the most significant influence on Canada's economy of a chilling inside relations would be through roundabout channels, however.<br><br>"If it did escalate, it certainly may chill business and purchaser confidence and spending, not just in Canada but around the world," said Porter.<br><br>"Russia is a trading spouse with Canada and if you will find serious sanctions put in place, this could have some direct affects. treasuries.<br><br>Alexander said the first pressure factor could come if [http://www.tanyadavies.com.au/pages/images-temp/front.asp Michael Kors Handbags] Ukraine is unable to meet its debt commitments and there is no international assistance to coastline up its finances.<br><br>E-mail this ArticleShare this Article<br><br>Men together with speed: Pushing inline skating for the max in middle age (by using video)To be a competitive inline skater, you must love going fast and turn into a bit of a daredevil because these boots aren created using brakes. Picking up speeds in between 25 and 40 kilometer per hour, the six persons in Edmonton burgeoning competitive inline skating pub often leave cyclists incapable of keep up.<ul>
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-Voltage multipliers can be used to generate a few volts for electronic appliances, to millions of volts for purposes such as high-energy physics experiments and lightning safety testing. The most common type of voltage multiplier is the half-wave series multiplier, also called the Villard cascade (but actually invented by [[Heinrich Greinacher]]).
+== 2014.  Christian Louboutin Sydney ==
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+British comedian Rik Mayall dies with 56<br><br>FiILE   This is a May Thirty-one 2000 file photo associated with British comedian and acting professional Rik Mayall with his wife Barbara. Mayall, one [http://www.guitarparts.com.au/inc/ajax_scripts/autocom.php Christian Louboutin Sydney] among a generation of performers that will injected post punk vitality into British comedy, possesses died. He was 56. Mayall?s management firm Brunskill Managing said the comedian died early Monday June In search of, 2014. (AP Photo/Peter Jordan/PA,File) British OUT NO SALES Zero ARCHIVE PHOTOGRAPH CAN NOT BE Kept OR USED FOR MORE THAN A fortnight AFTER THE DAY OF TRANSMISSIONIn the 1980's Mayall was part of the Comic Strip, some sort of hugely influential group of choice [http://www.domesticviolenceresponse.com/Library/content.asp Canada Goose Ireland] young comics that provided Dawn French, Jennifer Saunders and Mayall's crafting and performing partner, Adrian Edmondson.<br><br>He / she was best known for organization writing and performing [http://www.christianvoicestogether.com/feifrepse/archive.asp Abercrombie And Fitch Dublin] throughout "The Young Ones," a comedy about slovenly students that was treasured by those it satirized.<br><br>On tv he memorably played Conservative politician Mike B'stard in the sitcom "The New Statesman" and also lecherous Lord Flashheart in comedy typical "Blackadder."<br><br>He and Edmondson as well created and [http://www.kolbespecialschool.ie/blueroyses/for/upload.asp Ray Ban Aviators] starred throughout "Bottom," a surreally violent slapstick string about two unemployed slobs.<br><br>"There ended up being times when Rik and I were writing together when we almost passed on laughing," Edmondson said. "They have been some of the most carefree, stupid a short time I ever had, and I feel privileged to have shared all of them him. And now he's past away for real. Without me. Egotistical bastard."<br><br>The cause of death was not immediately disclosed. London's Metropolitan Authorities said officers had been termed to the house by the emergency vehicle service on Monday, but that the death was not believed to be suspicious.<ul>
-Assuming that the peak voltage of the AC source is +U<sub>s</sub>, and that the C values are sufficiently high to allow, when charged, that a current flows with no significant change in voltage, then the (simplified) working of the cascade is as follows:
-[[Image:Voltage amplifier explain.png|center|400px]]
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-# negative peak (−U<sub>s</sub>): The C<sub>1</sub> capacitor is charged through diode D<sub>1</sub> to U<sub>s</sub>&nbsp;[[volt|V]] ([[potential difference]] between left and right plate of the capacitor is U<sub>s</sub>)
-# positive peak (+U<sub>s</sub>): the potential of C<sub>1</sub> adds with that of the source, thus charging C<sub>2</sub> to 2U<sub>s</sub> through D<sub>2</sub>
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-# negative peak: potential of C<sub>1</sub> drops to 0&nbsp;V thus allowing C<sub>3</sub> to be charged through D<sub>3</sub> to 2U<sub>s</sub>.
-# positive peak: potential of C<sub>1</sub> rises to 2U<sub>s</sub> (analogously to step 2), also charging C<sub>4</sub> to 2U<sub>s</sub>. The output voltage (the sum of voltages under C<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>4</sub>) raises till 4U<sub>s</sub>.
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-In reality more cycles are required for C<sub>4</sub> to reach the full voltage. Each additional stage of two diodes and two capacitors increases the output voltage by twice the peak AC supply voltage.
+== lewd Louis Vuitton Sydney ==
-==Voltage doubler and tripler==
+Two Fresh and Easy Tested recipes from Radio Star Dianne Linderman<br><br>After a long day, coming home along with opening up another box containing the promise "ready to cook" imprinted across the front may seem like your [http://www.gonaturalfoods.com.au/section/theme.asp Louis Vuitton Sydney] best option. However, there's a vast selection of meal choices that are not exclusively simpler, but dramatically much healthier.<br><br>In 2004, Dianne Linderman began promoting [http://www.laoismathsresources.org/images/common.asp Nike Air Force 1] these alternatives with her r / c show "Everything that Matters," which will airs Sundays on Talk Radio Multi-level from 10am noon and features everything from crafty meals on the ups and downs of parenting. The woman's homemade stage is a cherry crimson 1940s Ford convertible full of old fashioned country tablecloths as well as a mirror that allows her people to see what she's doing.<br><br>Her goal is [http://www.plumbquick.com.au/tiny_mce/plugins/autosave/editor.asp Oakley Australia] to encourage healthy attitudes with her simple 10 minute recipes, all made with fresh ingredients.<br><br>"I needed to mask healthy food to get customers to eat it," Linderman stated as she began your tomato basil pasta. "Spinach is the most popular thing to try and get into people today."<br><br>This is clear along with her fruit frappe, a blended drinks containing all the berries you are able to fit in a blender, blueberry, any kind of juice, bananas, snow and a little bit of pure walnut syrup. If it wasn't for the slightly green color, it would be unattainable to tell that the frozen treat is loaded with seven glasses of spinach.<br><br>Some of her other quick, easy recipes appear below, and are much more valuable takeaways from your vigorous fair week than that indigestion from the funnel desserts and corn dogs.<br><br>Blood and Spinach Chicken Salad<br><br>2 bunches baby kale, rinsed<br><br>1 Keep it Fresh. Please avoid obscene, vulgar, lewd, racist or sexually oriented dialect.<br><br>2 Don't Threaten or even Abuse. Threats of damaging another person will [http://www.tanyadavies.com.au/pages/images-temp/front.asp Michael Kors Australia] not be tolerated. In addition to PLEASE TURN OFF CAPS Fastener.<br><br>3 Be Truthful. Don't with your knowledge lie about anyone as well as anything.<br><br>4 Be Great. No racism, sexism or any kind  ism that is degrading to another person.<br><br>Several Be Proactive. Use the 'Report' hyperlink on each comment to let people know of abusive posts.<br><br>6 Share with Us. We'd like to hear eyewitness accounts, the history driving an article.<br><br>The mission of your Montery county Weekly is to stimulate independent thinking and aware action, etc.<br><br>Serving Massive Sur, Carmel Valley, Castroville, Del Rey Oaks, Marina, Monterey, Moss Landing, Pacific Grove, Marbled Beach, Prunedale, Salinas, Salinas Valley, Sand Urban center, Seaside and the entire Monterey Local.<ul>
-{{see also|Voltage doubler}}
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+ </ul>
-A ''voltage doubler'' uses two stages to approximately double the DC voltage that would have been obtained from a single-stage [[rectifier]]. An example of a voltage doubler is found in the input stage of [[switch mode power supply|switch mode power supplies]] containing a SPDT switch to select either 120 volt or 240 volt supply. In the 120 volt position the input is typically configured as a full-wave voltage doubler by opening one AC connection point of a bridge rectfier, and connecting the input to the junction of two series-connected filter capacitors. For 240 volt operation, the switch configures the system as a full-wave bridge, re-connecting the capacitor center-tap wire to the open AC terminal of a bridge rectfier system. This allows 120 or 240 volt operation with the addition of a simple SPDT switch.
+== According to Barbara Grey New Balance Uk ==
-A ''[[voltage tripler]]'' is a three-stage voltage multiplier. A tripler is a popular type of voltage multiplier. The output voltage of a tripler is in practice below three times the peak input voltage due to their high [[Electrical impedance|impedance]], caused in part by the fact that as each [[capacitor]] in the chain supplies power to the next, it partially discharges, losing voltage doing so.
+based organization missing throughout Haiti<br><br>According to Barbara Grey, exec director of the organization, Doctor. that day to discuss details of FaithCare coming February mission trip.<br><br>Corridor, who was an emergency room health care provider at Hartford Hospital, retired in order to Ft. Meyers, Fla. but still is involved with their organization, that she joined in 1997, Gray [http://www.westtraining.ie/database/upload.asp New Balance Uk] said.<br><br>FaithCare is a non profit, not denominational organization seeks to demonstrate the healing aspects of faith as soon as integrated with [http://www.gonaturalfoods.com.au/config/contact.asp Nike Air Force 1 Australia] medicine, as outlined by its Web site. desire would be to provide access to affordable, holistic and quality health care solutions including education for prevention of disease while assisting affected individuals with disease management, plus helping them to assume duty for their health in the USA and throughout the world.<br><br>In addition to running community health centers, events and also counseling, FaithCare conducts international adventures.<br><br>The organization was planning a trip [http://www.riverpark-perth.com.au/flux-system/plugins/finder.asp Beats By Dre Australia] to Haiti by Feb. 11 19, and also as their Haiti team leader with Florida, Hall had taken a loan trip to secure medications to make accomodations for the team, which include food and safety measures, Gray said.<br><br>FaithCare is still planning to ship its team to Haiti the following, she said, with Twenty eight team members coming from California, Big apple and Pennsylvania in addition to Ct, which is sending eight persons. They are sending such specialists as an ob gyn, an eye medical expert and an ER doctor together with a general surgeon, residents, medical students and a nurse.<br><br>mail medical MASH type units in places where most have on go, Grey said. According to Barbara Grey, executive overseer of the organization, Dr. that day to discuss details of FaithCare upcoming Feb . mission trip.<br><br>Hall, who had been an emergency room doctor in Hartford Hospital, retired to Feet. Meyers, Fla. but is still affiliated with their organization, which he signed up with in 1997, Grey stated.<br><br>FaithCare is a non profit, non denominational business seeks to demonstrate the restorative healing aspects of faith when built in with medicine, according to it is Web [http://www.kolbespecialschool.ie/blueroyses/for/upload.asp Ray Ban Aviators] site. desire is to give access to affordable, holistic plus quality health care services together with education for prevention of condition while assisting patients along with disease management, and encouraging them to assume responsibility because of their health in the USA and throughout the world.<br><br>In addition to running local overall health centers, events and advising, FaithCare conducts international missions.<br><br>The organization was planning a trip to Haiti from January. 11 19, and as their Haiti team leader in Fl, Hall had taken an advance journey to secure medications and make accomodations for the team, including foods and safety measures, Grey claimed.<br><br>FaithCare is still planning to send it's team to Haiti next month, the girl said, with 28 team members coming from California, New York as well as Pennsylvania in addition to Connecticut, and that is sending eight people. They are sending such specialists just as one ob gyn, an eye surgeon and an ER doctor as well as a basic surgeon, residents, medical pupils and a nurse.<ul>
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-Triplers were commonly used in color television receivers to provide the high voltage for the cathode ray tube (picture tube). Many 1970s TV sets used open triplers, and the individual diode sticks could be replaced if they failed. {{Citation needed|date=November 2011}}
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-Triplers are still used in [[high voltage]] supplies such as [[copier]]s, [[laser printer]]s,  [[bug zapper]]s and [[electroshock weapon]]s.
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-== Breakdown voltage ==
+   <li>[http://www.bbscoke.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=29232 http://www.bbscoke.com/home.php?mod=space&uid=29232]</li>
-While the multiplier can be used to produce thousands of volts of output, the individual components do not need to be rated to withstand the entire voltage range. Each component only needs to be concerned with the relative voltage differences directly across its own terminals and of the components immediately adjacent to it.
+   <li>[http://www.mihmusicbizservices.com/ http://www.mihmusicbizservices.com/]</li>
-Typically a voltage multiplier will be physically arranged like a ladder, so that the progressively increasing voltage potential is not given the opportunity to arc across to the much lower potential sections of the circuit.
+   <li>[http://zjtaxplan.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1786341 http://zjtaxplan.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=1786341]</li>
-Note that some safety margin is needed across the relative range of voltage differences in the multiplier, so that the ladder can survive the shorted failure of at least one diode or capacitor component. Otherwise a single-point shorting failure could successively over-voltage and destroy each next component in the multiplier, potentially destroying the entire multiplier chain.
+   <li>[http://bbs.go19.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2524308 http://bbs.go19.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2524308]</li>
-== Other circuit topologies ==
+ </ul>
-[[File:Full-wave Villard cascade.svg|thumb|400px|left|Two cascades driven by a single center-tapped transformer.  This configuration provides full-wave rectification leading to less ripple and upon any collapse from arcing capacitive energy can cancel.]]
-{{clear}}
-;Stacking:
-[[File:Full-wave stacked Villard cascade.svg|thumb|400px|left|A second cascade stacked onto the first one driven by a high voltage isolated second secondary winding.  The second winding is connected with 180° phase shift to get full wave rectification.  The two windings need to be insulated against the large voltage between them.]]
-[[File:Stacked Villard cascade.svg|thumb|400px|right|A single secondary winding of a transformer driving two cascades of opposite polarities at the same time.  Stacking the two cascades provides an output of twice the voltage but with better ripple and capacitor charging characteristics than would be achieved with a single long cascade of the same voltage.]]
-{{clear}}
-An even number of diode-capacitor cells is used in any column so that the cascade ends on a smoothing cell.  If it were odd and ended on a clamping cell the [[Ripple (electrical)|ripple]] voltage would be very large.  Larger capacitors in the connecting column also reduce ripple but at the expense of charging time and increased diode current.
-===Dickson charge pump===
-[[File:Dickson voltage multiplier.svg|thumb|350px|Standard Dickson charge pump. 4-stage (x5 multiplier)]]
-The '''Dickson charge pump''', or '''Dickson multiplier''', is a modification of the [[Cockcroft–Walton generator|Greinacher/Cockcroft–Walton multiplier]].  Unlike that circuit, however, the Dickson multiplier takes a DC supply as its input so is a form of [[DC-to-DC converter]].  Also unlike Greinacher/Cockcroft–Walton which is used on high-voltage applications, the Dickson multiplier is intended for low-voltage purposes.  In addition to the DC input, the circuit requires a feed of two [[clock pulse]] trains with an amplitude swinging between the DC supply rails.  These pulse trains are in antiphase.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|p=226}}<br />{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|p=14}}</ref>
-To describe the ideal operation of the circuit, number the diodes D1, D2 etc. from left to right and the capacitors C1, C2 etc.  When the clock <math>\phi_1 \ </math> is low, D1 will charge C1 to ''V''<sub>in</sub>.  When <math>\phi_1 \ </math> goes high the top plate of C1 is pushed up to 2''V''<sub>in</sub>.  D1 is then turned off and D2 turned on and C2 begins to charge to 2''V''<sub>in</sub>.  On the next clock cycle <math>\phi_1 \ </math> again goes low and now <math>\phi_2 \ </math> goes high pushing the top plate of C2 to 3''V''<sub>in</sub>.  D2 switches off and D3 switches on, charging C3 to 3''V''<sub>in</sub> and so on with charge passing up the chain, hence the name [[charge pump]].  The final diode-capacitor cell in the cascade is connected to ground rather than a clock phase and hence is not a multiplier; it is a [[envelope detector|peak detector]] which merely provides [[Rectifier#Rectifier output smoothing|smoothing]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|pp=226–227}}</ref>
-There are a number of factors which reduce the output from the ideal case of ''nV''<sub>in</sub>.  One of these is the threshold voltage, ''V''<sub>T</sub> of the switching device, that is, the voltage required to turn it on.  The output will be reduced by at least ''nV''<sub>T</sub> due to the volt drops across the switches.  [[Schottky diode]]s are commonly used in Dickson multipliers for their low forward voltage drop, amongst other reasons.  Another difficulty is that there are [[parasitic capacitance]]s to ground at each node.  These parasitic capacitances act as voltage dividers with the circuit's storage capacitors reducing the output voltage still further.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=13–14}}<br/ >{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|pp=227–228}}</ref>  Up to a point, a higher clock frequency is beneficial: the ripple is reduced and the high frequency makes the remaining ripple easier to filter.  Also the size of capacitors needed is reduced since less charge needs to be stored per cycle.  However, losses through stray capacitance increase with increasing clock frequency and a practical limit is around a few hundred kilohertz.<ref>{{Harvnb|Peluso|Steyaert|Sansen|1999|p=35}}<br />{{Harvnb|Zumbahlen|2008|p=741}}</ref>
-[[File:Dickson MOSFET voltage multiplier.svg|thumb|350px|Dickson charge pump using diode-wired MOSFETs. 4-stage (x5 multiplier)]]
-Dickson multipliers are frequently found in [[integrated circuit]]s (ICs) where they are used to increase a low-voltage battery supply to the voltage needed by the IC.  It is advantageous to the IC designer and manufacturer to be able to use the same technology and the same basic device throughout the IC.  For this reason, in the popular [[CMOS]] technology ICs the transistor which forms the basic building block of circuits is the [[MOSFET]].  Consequently, the diodes in the Dickson multiplier are often replaced with MOSFETs wired to behave as diodes.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|pp=226–228}}<br />{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|p=14}}</ref>
-{{anchor|Dickson variations}}
-[[File:Dickson multiplier with 2nd transistor.svg|thumb|350px|Dickson charge pump with linear MOSFET in parallel with diode-wired MOSFET. 4-stage (x5 multiplier)]]
-The diode-wired MOSFET version of the Dickson multiplier does not work very well at very low voltages because of the large drain-source volt drops of the MOSFETs.  Frequently, a more complex circuit is used to overcome this problem.  One solution is to connect in parallel with the switching MOSFET another MOSFET biased into its linear region.  This second MOSFET has a lower drain-source voltage than the switching MOSFET would have on its own (because the switching MOSFET is driven hard on) and consequently the output voltage is increased.  The gate of the linear biased MOSFET is connected to the output of the next stage so that it is turned off while the next stage is charging from the previous stage's capacitor.  That is, the linear-biased transistor is turned off at the same time as the switching transistor.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|pp=228–230}}<br />{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=14–16}}</ref>
-An ideal 4-stage Dickson multiplier (x5 multiplier) with an input of {{nowrap|1.5 V}} would have an output of {{nowrap|7.5 V}}.  However, a diode-wired MOSFET 4-stage multiplier might only have an output of {{nowrap|2 V}}.  Adding parallel MOSFETs in the linear region improves this to around {{nowrap|4 V}}.  More complex circuits still can achieve an output much closer to the ideal case.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=14–16}}</ref>
-Many other variations and improvements to the basic Dickson circuit exist.  Some attempt to reduce the switching threshold voltage such as the Mandal-Sarpeshkar multiplier<ref>{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=17–18}}</ref> or the Wu multiplier.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|pp=230–232}}</ref>  Other circuits cancel out the threshold voltage: the Umeda multiplier does it with an externally provided voltage<ref>{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=18–20}}</ref> and the Nakamoto multiplier with internally generated voltage.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=19–20}}</ref>  The Bergeret multiplier concentrates on maximising power efficiency.<ref>{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=20–21}}</ref>
-====Modification for RF power====
-[[File:Modified Dickson multiplier.svg|thumb|350px|Modified Dickson charge pump. 2-stage (×3 multiplier)]]
-In CMOS integrated circuits clock signals are readily available, or else easily generated.  This is not always the case in [[radio frequency|RF]] integrated circuits, but often a source of RF power will be available.  The standard Dickson multiplier circuit can be modified to meet this requirement by simply grounding the normal input and one of the clock inputs.  RF power is injected into the other clock input, which then becomes the circuit input.  The RF signal is effectively the clock as well as the source of power.  However, since the clock is injected only into every other node the circuit only achieves a stage of multiplication for every second diode-capacitor cell.  The other diode-capacitor cells are merely acting as peak detectors and smoothing the ripple without increasing the multiplication.<ref>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|pp=228–230}}<br />{{Harvnb|Yuan|2010|pp=14–15}}</ref>
-===Cross-coupled switched capacitor===
-[[File:Cross-coupled voltage multiplier.svg|thumb|350px|Cascade of cross-coupled MOSFET voltage doublers.  3-stage (x4 multiplier)]]
-A voltage multiplier may be formed of a cascade of voltage doublers of the [[Voltage doubler#Cross-coupled switched capacitors|cross-coupled switched capacitor type]].  This type of circuit is typically used instead of a Dickson multiplier when the source voltage is {{nowrap|1.2 V}} or less.  Dickson multipliers have increasingly poor power conversion efficiency as the input voltage drops because the voltage drop across the diode-wired transistors becomes much more significant compared to the output voltage.  Since the transistors in the cross-coupled circuit are not diode-wired the volt-drop problem is not so serious.<ref>{{Harvnb|Campardo|Micheloni|Novosel|2005|pp=377–379}}<br>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|pp=232–235}}<br />{{Harvnb|Lin|2008|p=81}}</ref>
-The circuit works by alternately switching the output of each stage between a voltage doubler driven by <math>\phi_1 \ </math> and one driven by <math>\phi_2 \ </math>.  This behaviour leads to another advantage over the Dickson multiplier; reduced ripple voltage at double the frequency.  The increase in ripple frequency is advantageous because it is easier to remove by filtering.  Each stage (in an ideal circuit) raises the output voltage by the peak clock voltage.  Assuming that this is the same level as the DC input voltage then an ''n'' stage multiplier will (ideally) output ''nV''<sub>in</sub>.  The chief cause of losses in the cross-coupled circuit is parasitic capacitance rather than switching threshold voltage.  The losses occur because some of the energy has to go into charging up the parasitic capacitances on each cycle.<ref>{{Harvnb|Campardo|Micheloni|Novosel|2005|p=379}}<br>{{Harvnb|Liu|2006|p=234}}</ref>
-== Applications ==
-[[image:TV cascade and flyback.JPG|thumb|right|280px|TV cascade (green) and [[flyback transformer]] (blue).]]
-The high-voltage supplies for [[cathode ray tube]]s often use voltage multipliers with the final-stage smoothing  capacitor formed by the interior and exterior [[aquadag]] coatings on the CRT itself.
-A common type of voltage multiplier used in high-energy physics is the [[Cockcroft–Walton generator]] (which was designed by [[John Douglas Cockcroft]] and [[Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton]] for a [[particle accelerator]], for use in research that won them the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] in 1951).
-==See also==
-* [[Marx generator]] (a device that uses [[spark gap]]s instead of diodes as the switching elements and can deliver higher peak currents than diodes can)
-==Notes==
-{{reflist|20em}}
-==Bibliography==
-* {{Citation |last1=Campardo |first1=Giovanni |last2=Micheloni |first2=Rino |last3=Novosel |first3=David |title=VLSI-design of Non-volatile Memories |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=3-540-20198-X |doi= }}
-* {{Citation |last=Lin |first=Yu-Shiang |title=Low Power Circuits for Miniature Sensor Systems |publisher=ProQuest |year=2008 |isbn=0-549-98672-3 |doi= }}
-* {{Citation |last=Liu |first=Mingliang |title=Demystifying Switched Capacitor Circuits |publisher=Newnes |year=2006 |isbn=0-7506-7907-7 |doi= }}
-* {{Citation |last1=Peluso |first1=Vincenzo |last2=Steyaert |first2=Michiel |last3=Sansen |first3=Willy |title=Design of Low-voltage Low-power CMOS Delta-Sigma A/D Converters |publisher=Kluwer Academic Publishers |year=1999 |isbn=0-7923-8417-2 |doi= }}
-* {{Citation |last=Yuan |first=Fei |title=CMOS Circuits for Passive Wireless Microsystems |publisher=Springer |year=2010 |isbn=1-4419-7679-5 |doi= }}
-* {{Citation |last=Zumbahlen |first=Hank |title=Linear Circuit Design Handbook |publisher=Newnes |year=2008 |isbn=0-7506-8703-7 |doi= }}
-==External links==
-* [http://www.kronjaeger.com/hv/hv/src/mul/ Basic multiplier circuits]
-* [http://blazelabs.com/e-exp15.asp Cockcroft Walton multipliers]
-* [http://www.nostalgiaair.org/PagesByModel/503/M0009503.pdf Schematic of Kadette brand (International Radio Corp.) model 1019].  A 1937 [[radio]] with a [[vacuum tube]] (25Z5) voltage multiplier rectifier.
-[[Category:Electrical circuits]]
-[[Category:Electrical power conversion]]

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