|
|
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{Unreferenced|date=February 2010}}
| | Chiropractor Anton Rave from Kindersley, really likes ceramics, [http://www.sinoor.com/member.asp?action=view&memName=LorettaEasley2743090 property developers in singapore] and hot air balooning. During the last few months has paid a call to places like Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site. |
| | |
| '''Exchange bias''' or '''exchange anisotropy''' occurs in bilayers (or multilayers) of magnetic materials where the hard magnetization behavior of an [[antiferromagnetic]] thin film causes a shift in the soft magnetization curve of a [[ferromagnetic]] film. The exchange bias phenomenon is of tremendous utility in magnetic recording, where it is used to pin the state of the readback heads of [[hard disk]] drives at exactly their point of maximum sensitivity; hence the term "bias."
| |
| | |
| ==Fundamental science==
| |
| | |
| [[Image:Exchangebias.png|thumb|Easy-axis magnetization curves of a) a soft ferromagnetic film; b) an antiferromagnetic film and c) an exchange-biased bilayer consisting of a ferromagnet and an antiferromagnet. The susceptibility (slope) of the antiferromagnetic's magnetization curve is exaggerated for clarity.]]
| |
| | |
| The essential physics underlying the phenomenon is the exchange interaction between the antiferromagnet and ferromagnet at their interface. Since antiferromagnets have a small or no net magnetization, their spin orientation is only weakly influenced by an externally applied magnetic field. A soft ferromagnetic film which is strongly exchange-coupled to the antiferromagnet will have its interfacial spins pinned. Reversal of the ferromagnet's moment will have an added energetic cost corresponding to the energy necessary to create a [[Néel wall|Néel domain wall]] within the antiferromagnetic film. The added energy term implies a shift in the switching field of the ferromagnet. Thus the magnetization curve of an exchange-biased ferromagnetic film looks like that of the normal ferromagnet except that is shifted away from the H=0 axis by an amount H<sub>b</sub>.
| |
| | |
| In most well-studied ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayers, the [[Curie temperature]] of the ferromagnet is larger than the [[Néel temperature]] T<sub>N</sub> of the antiferromagnet. This inequality means that the direction of the exchange bias can be set by cooling through T<sub>N</sub> in the presence of an applied magnetic field. The moment of the magnetically ordered ferromagnet will apply an effective field to the antiferromagnet as it orders, breaking the symmetry and influencing the formation of domains.
| |
| | |
| Exchange [[anisotropy]] has long been poorly understood due to the difficulty of studying the dynamics of domain walls in thin antiferromagnetic films. A naive approach to the problem would suggest the following expression for energy per unit area:
| |
| | |
| <math>E = \frac{1}{2} n J_{ex} S_F S_{AF} + M_F t_F H</math>
| |
| | |
| where ''n'' is the number of interfacial spins interactions per unit area, J<sub>ex</sub> is the exchange constant at the interface, S refers to the spin vector, M refers to the magnetization, t refers to film thickness and H is the external field. The subscript F describes the properties of the ferromagnet and AF to the antiferromagnet. The expression omits [[magnetocrystalline anisotropy]], which is unaffected by the presence of the antiferromagnet. At the switching field of the ferromagnet, the pinning energy represented by the first term and the Zeeman dipole coupling represented by the second term will exactly balance. The equation then predicts that the exchange bias shift H<sub>b</sub> will be given by the expression
| |
| | |
| <math>H_b = \frac{n J_{ex} S_F S_{AF}}{2 M_F t_F}</math>
| |
| | |
| Many experimental findings regarding the exchange bias contradict this simple model. For example, the magnitude of measured H<sub>b</sub> values is typically 100 times less than that predicted by the equation for reasonable values of the parameters. The amount of hysteresis shift H<sub>b</sub> is not correlated with the density ''n'' of uncompensated spins in the plane of the antiferromagnet that appears at the interface. In addition, the exchange bias effect tends to be smaller in epitaxial bilayers than in polycrystalline ones, suggesting an important role for defects. In recent years progress in fundamental understanding has been made via [[synchrotron]] radiation based element-specific magnetic linear [[dichroism]] experiments that can image antiferromagnetic domains and frequency-dependent [[magnetic susceptibility]] measurements that can probe the dynamics. Experiments on the Fe/FeF<sub>2</sub> and Fe/MnF<sub>2</sub> model systems have been particularly fruitful.
| |
| | |
| ==Technological impact==
| |
| | |
| Exchange bias was initially used to stabilize the magnetization of soft ferromagnetic layers in readback heads based on the anisotropic [[magnetoresistance]] (AMR) effect. Without the stabilization, the magnetic domain state of the head could be unpredictable, leading to reliability problems. Currently exchange bias is used to pin the harder reference layer in [[spin valve]] readback heads and [[MRAM]] memory circuits that utilize the [[giant magnetoresistance]] or [[tunnel magnetoresistance|magnetic tunneling]] effect. Similarly the most advanced disk media are antiferromagnetically coupled, making use of interfacial exchange to effectively increase the stability of small magnetic particles whose behavior would otherwise be [[superparamagnetism|superparamagnetic.]]
| |
| | |
| Desirable properties for an exchange bias material include a high [[Néel temperature]], a large [[magnetocrystalline anisotropy]] and good chemical and structural compatibility with NiFe and Co, the most important ferromagnetic films. The most technologically significant exchange bias materials have been the rocksalt-structure antiferromagnetic oxides like NiO, CoO and their alloys and the rocksalt-structure intermetallics like FeMn, NiMn, IrMn and their alloys.
| |
| | |
| ==History==
| |
| | |
| Exchange anisotropy was discovered by Meiklejohn and Bean of [[General Electric]] in 1956. The first commercial device to employ the exchange bias was [[IBM|IBM's]] [[magnetoresistance|anisotropic magnetoresistance]] (AMR) [[disk drive]] [[recording head]], which was based on a design by Hunt in the 1970s but which didn't fully displace the inductive readback head until the early 1990s. By the mid-1990s, the [[spin valve]] head using an exchange-bias layer was well on its way to displacing the AMR head.
| |
| | |
| ==See also==
| |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | last=Meiklejohn
| |
| | first=W. H.
| |
| | coauthors=Bean, C. P.
| |
| | title=New Magnetic Anisotropy
| |
| | journal=Physical Review
| |
| | volume=105
| |
| | issue=3
| |
| | pages=904–913
| |
| | date=1957-02-03
| |
| | doi=10.1103/PhysRev.105.904
| |
| |bibcode = 1957PhRv..105..904M }}
| |
| * S. Chikazumi and S. H. Charap, ''Physics of Magnetism,'' ASIN B0007DODNA.
| |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | doi = 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00266-2
| |
| | volume = 192
| |
| | issue = 2
| |
| | pages = 203–232
| |
| | last = Nogués
| |
| | first = J.
| |
| | coauthors = [[Ivan K. Schuller]]
| |
| | title = Exchange bias
| |
| | journal = Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
| |
| | date = 1999-02-15
| |
| |bibcode = 1999JMMM..192..203N }}
| |
| * A. E. Berkowitz and K. Takano, [http://www2.hmc.edu/~eckert/research/berk.pdf "Exchange anisotropy: a review,"] J. Magn. Magn. Matls. '''200''', 552 (1999).
| |
| * John C. Mallinson, ''Magneto-Resistive and Spin Valve Heads: Fundamentals and Applications,'' ISBN 0-12-466627-2.
| |
| * {{cite journal
| |
| | doi = 10.1016/S0304-8853(01)00421-8
| |
| | volume = 234
| |
| | issue = 3
| |
| | pages = 584–595
| |
| | last = Kiwi
| |
| | first = Miguel
| |
| | title = Exchange bias theory
| |
| | journal = Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
| |
| | date = September 2001
| |
| |bibcode = 2001JMMM..234..584K }}
| |
| * [[Ivan K. Schuller]] and G. Guntherodt, [http://physics.ucsd.edu/~iksgrp/EBManifesto.pdf "The Exchange Bias Manifesto,"] 2002.
| |
| * [[Jung-Il Hong]], [[Titus Leo]], [[David J. Smith (physicist)|David J. Smith]], and [[Ami E. Berkowitz]], [http://www.public.asu.edu/~tleo1/files/Hong_Titus_Leo_Smith_Berkowitz_Exchange_Bias.pdf "Enhancing Exchange Bias with Diluted Antiferromagnets,"] Phys. Rev. Lett. '''96''', 117204 (2006).
| |
| | |
| [[Category:Condensed matter physics]]
| |
| [[Category:Magnetic ordering]]
| |
Chiropractor Anton Rave from Kindersley, really likes ceramics, property developers in singapore and hot air balooning. During the last few months has paid a call to places like Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site.