Riccati equation: Difference between revisions

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Template:Chembox Manganese(IV) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Template:Chem. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganese nodules. The principal use for MnO₂ is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc-carbon battery.^[1] Template:Chem is also used as a pigment and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as Template:Chem. It is used as a reagent in organic synthesis, for example, for the oxidation of allylic alcohols.

Structure

Several polymorphs of Template:Chem are claimed, as well as a hydrated form. Like many other dioxides, Template:Chem crystallizes in the rutile crystal structure (this polymorph is called β-Template:Chem), with three-coordinate oxide and octahedral metal centres.^[1] Template:Chem is characteristically nonstoichiometric, being deficient in oxygen. The complicated solid-state chemistry of this material is relevant to the lore of "freshly prepared" Template:Chem in organic synthesis.

Production

Naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities and a considerable amount of manganese in its 3+ oxidation state. Only a limited number of deposits contain the γ modification in purity sufficient for the battery industry. The production of ferrite also requires high purity manganese dioxide. Therefore the production of synthetic manganese dioxide is important. Two groups of methods are used, yielding "chemical manganese dioxide" (CMD) and "electrolytical manganese dioxide" (EMD). The CMD is mostly used for the production of ferrites, whereas EMD is used for the production of batteries.^[2]

Chemical manganese dioxide

One of the two chemical methods starts from natural manganese dioxide and converts it using dinitrogen tetroxide and water to manganese(II) nitrate solution. Evaporation of the water, leaves the crystalline nitrate salt. At temperatures of 400 °C, the salt decomposes, releasing N₂O₄ and leaving a residue of purified manganese dioxide.^[2] These two steps can be summarized as:

MnO₂ + N₂O₄

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Mn(NO₃)₂

In the other chemical process, manganese dioxide ore is reduced by heating with oil or coal. The resulting manganese(II) oxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid, and the filtered solution is treated with ammonium carbonate to precipitate MnCO₃. The carbonate is calcined in air to give a mixture of manganese(II) and manganese(IV) oxides. To complete the process, a suspension of this material in sulfuric acid is treated with sodium chlorate. Chloric acid, which forms in situ, converts any Mn(III) and Mn(II) oxides to the dioxide, releasing chlorine as a by-product.^[2]

Electrolytical manganese dioxide

Electrolytical manganese dioxide (EMD) is used in zinc-carbon batteries together with zinc chloride and ammonium chloride. EMD is commonly used in zinc manganese dioxide rechargeable alkaline (Zn RAM) cells also. For these applications, purity is extremely important.

Reactions

The important reactions of Template:Chem are associated with its redox, both oxidation and reduction.

Reduction

Template:Chem is the principal precursor to ferromanganese and related alloys, which are widely used in the steel industry. The conversions involve carbothermal reduction using coke:

Template:Chem + 2 C → Mn + 2 CO

The key reactions of Template:Chem in batteries is the one-electron reduction:

Template:Chem + e⁻ + H⁺ → MnO(OH)

Template:Chem catalyses several reactions that form Template:Chem. In a classical laboratory demonstration, heating a mixture of potassium chlorate and manganese dioxide produces oxygen gas. Manganese dioxide also catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water:

2 H₂O₂ → 2 H₂O + O₂

Manganese dioxide decomposes above about 530 °C to manganese(III) oxide and oxygen. At temperatures close to 1000 °C, the mixed-valence compound Mn₃O₄ forms. Higher temperatures give MnO.

Hot concentrated sulfuric acid reduces the MnO₂ to manganese(II) sulfate:^[1]

2 MnO₂ + 2 H₂SO₄ → 2 MnSO₄ + O₂ + 2 H₂O

The reaction of hydrogen chloride with MnO₂ was used by Carl Wilhelm Scheele in the original isolation of chlorine gas in 1774:

MnO₂ + 4 HCl → MnCl₂ + Cl₂ + 2 H₂O

As a source of hydrogen chloride, Scheele treated sodium chloride with concentrated sulfuric acid.^[1]

E^o (MnO₂(s) + 4 H⁺ + 2 e⁻ Template:Eqm Mn²⁺ + 2 H₂O) = +1.23 V

E^o (Cl₂(g) + 2 e⁻ Template:Eqm 2 Cl⁻) = +1.36 V

The standard electrode potentials for the half reactions indicate that the reaction is endothermic at pH = 0 (1 M [H⁺]), but it is favoured by the lower pH as well as the evolution (and removal) of gaseous chlorine.

This reaction is also a convenient way to remove the manganese dioxide precipitate from the ground glass joints after running a reaction (i. e., an oxidation with potassium permanganate).

Oxidation

Heating a mixture of KOH and Template:Chem in air gives green potassium manganate:

2 MnO₂ + 4 KOH + O₂ → 2 K₂MnO₄ + 2 H₂O

Potassium manganate is the precursor to potassium permanganate, a common oxidant.

Applications

The predominant application of MnO₂ is as a component of dry cell batteries, so called Leclanché cell, or zinc–carbon batteries. Approximately 500,000 tonnes are consumed for this application annually.^[3] Other industrial applications include the use of Template:Chem as an inorganic pigment in ceramics and in glassmaking.

Organic synthesis

A specialized use of manganese dioxide is as oxidant in organic synthesis.^[4] The effectiveness of the reagent depends on the method of preparation, a problem that is typical for other heterogeneous reagents where surface area, among other variables, is a significant factor.^[5] The mineral pyrolusite makes a poor reagent. Usually, however, the reagent is generated in situ by treatment of an aqueous solution KMnO₄ with a Mn(II) salt, typically the sulfate. MnO₂ oxidizes allylic alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones:^[6]

cis-RCH=CHCH₂OH + MnO₂ → cis-RCH=CHCHO + “MnO” + H₂O

The configuration of the double bond is conserved in the reaction. The corresponding acetylenic alcohols are also suitable substrates, although the resulting propargylic aldehydes can be quite reactive. Benzylic and even unactivated alcohols are also good substrates. 1,2-Diols are cleaved by MnO₂ to dialdehydes or diketones. Otherwise, the applications of MnO₂ are numerous, being applicable to many kinds of reactions including amine oxidation, aromatization, oxidative coupling, and thiol oxidation.

Pigment

Manganese dioxide was one of the earliest natural substances used by human ancestors. It was used as a pigment at least from the middle paleolithic. It was possibly used first for body painting, and later for cave painting. Some of the most famous early cave paintings in Europe were executed by means of manganese dioxide.

Hazards

Manganese dioxide can slightly stain human skin if it is damp or in a heterogeneous mixture, but the stains can be washed off quite easily with some rubbing.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

Template:Manganese compounds

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw1st. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "G&E" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
↑ Template:OrgSynth (this procedure illustrates the use of MnO2 for the oxidation of an allylic alcohol.

[G&E-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Template:Greenwood&Earnshaw1st. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "G&E" defined multiple times with different content

[ChiuZMnO2-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.

[Ullmann-3] Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.

[4] Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

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[6] Template:OrgSynth (this procedure illustrates the use of MnO2 for the oxidation of an allylic alcohol.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-== それは構築された要塞です ==
+{{chembox
+| Watchedfields = changed
+| verifiedrevid = 445299286
+| ImageFile = Manganese(IV) oxide.jpg
+|   ImageName = Manganese(IV) oxideMn4O2
+| ImageFile1 = Rutile-unit-cell-3D-balls.png
+|   ImageName1 =
+| IUPACName = Manganese oxide<br />Manganese(IV) oxide
+|   OtherNames = [[Pyrolusite]]
+| Section1 = {{Chembox Identifiers
+|   CASNo = 1313-13-9
+|   PubChem = 14801
+|    CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
+|  ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
+| ChemSpiderID = 14117
+|  StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+| StdInChI = 1S/Mn.2O
+| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
+| StdInChIKey = NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
+| SMILES = O=[Mn]=O
+|   EINECS = 215-202-6
+|   RTECS = OP0350000
+  }}
+| Section2 = {{Chembox Properties
+|   Formula = MnO<sub>2</sub>
+|   MolarMass = 86.9368 g/mol
+|   Appearance = Brown-black solid
+|   Density = 5.026 g/cm<sup>3</sup>
+|   Solubility = insoluble
+|   MeltingPt = 535 °C (decomposes)
+  }}
+| Section4 = {{Chembox Thermochemistry
+|   DeltaHf = −520&nbsp;kJ·mol<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1>{{cite book| author = Zumdahl, Steven S.|title =Chemical Principles 6th Ed.| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Company| year = 2009| isbn = 0-618-94690-X|page=A22}}</ref>
+|   Entropy = 53&nbsp;J·mol<sup>−1</sup>·K<sup>−1</sup><ref name=b1/>
+ }}
+| Section7 = {{Chembox Hazards
+|   ExternalMSDS = [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0175.htm ICSC 0175]
+|   EUIndex = 025-001-00-3
+|   EUClass = Harmful ('''Xn''')<br />Oxidizer ('''O''')
+|   RPhrases = {{R20/22}}
+|   SPhrases = {{S2}}, {{S25}}
+|   NFPA-H = 1
+|   NFPA-F = 1
+|   NFPA-R = 2
+|   NFPA-O = OX
+|   FlashPtC = 535
+  }}
+| Section8 = {{Chembox Related
+|   OtherAnions = [[Manganese disulfide]]
+|   OtherCations = [[Technetium dioxide]]<br/>[[Rhenium dioxide]]
+|   OtherFunctn = [[Manganese(II) oxide]]<br/>[[Manganese(II,III) oxide]]<br/>[[Manganese(III) oxide]]<br/>[[Manganese heptoxide]]
+|    Function = [[manganese]] [[oxide]]s
+  }}
+}}
+'''Manganese(IV) oxide''' is the [[inorganic compound]] with the [[chemical formula|formula]] {{chem|MnO|2}}. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral [[pyrolusite]], which is the main ore of [[manganese]] and a component of [[manganese nodule]]s. The principal use for MnO<sub>2</sub> is for dry-cell [[battery (electricity)|batteries]], such as the [[alkaline battery]] and the [[zinc-carbon battery]].<ref name="G&E">{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st|pages=1218–20}}.</ref> {{chem|MnO|2}} is also used as a [[pigment]] and as a precursor to other manganese compounds, such as {{chem|link=potassium permanganate|KMnO|4|}}.  It is used as a [[reagent]] in [[organic synthesis]], for example, for the oxidation of [[allylic]] [[alcohol]]s.
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+==Structure==
-相关的主题文章：
+Several [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorph]]s of {{chem|MnO|2}} are claimed, as well as a hydrated form. Like many other dioxides, {{chem|MnO|2}} crystallizes in the [[rutile]] [[crystal structure]] (this polymorph is called β-{{chem|MnO|2}}), with three-coordinate oxide and octahedral metal centres.<ref name=G&E/>  {{chem|MnO|2}} is characteristically [[nonstoichiometric compound|nonstoichiometric]], being deficient in oxygen.  The complicated [[solid-state chemistry]] of this material is relevant to the lore of "freshly prepared" {{chem|MnO|2}} in [[organic synthesis]].
- <ul>
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- </ul>
-== 、何の視点 ==
+==Production==
+Naturally occurring manganese dioxide contains impurities and a considerable amount of manganese in its [[Manganese#Chemical|3+]] [[oxidation state]]. Only a limited number of deposits contain the γ modification in purity sufficient for the battery industry. The production of [[Ferrite (magnet)|ferrite]] also requires high purity manganese dioxide. Therefore the production of synthetic manganese dioxide is important. Two groups of methods are used, yielding "chemical manganese dioxide" (CMD) and "electrolytical manganese dioxide" (EMD). The CMD is mostly used for the production of ferrites, whereas EMD is used for the production of batteries.<ref name="ChiuZMnO2">{{citation | last = Preisler | first = Eberhard | title = Moderne Verfahren der Großchemie: Braunstein | journal = Chemie in unserer Zeit | year = 1980 | volume = 14 | pages = 137–48 | doi = 10.1002/ciuz.19800140502}}.</ref>
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+===Chemical manganese dioxide===
-相关的主题文章：
- <ul>
-   <li>[http://www.cemake.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=16722&fromuid=8587 http://www.cemake.com/bbs/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=16722&fromuid=8587]</li>
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- </ul>
-== 秦ゆうはただ笑って ==
+One of the two chemical methods starts from natural manganese dioxide and converts it using [[dinitrogen tetroxide]] and water to [[manganese(II) nitrate]] solution. Evaporation of the water, leaves the crystalline nitrate salt. At temperatures of 400&nbsp;°C, the salt decomposes, releasing N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> and leaving a residue of purified manganese dioxide.<ref name="ChiuZMnO2"/>  These two steps can be summarized as:
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+:MnO<sub>2</sub>  +  N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>  <math>\overrightarrow{\leftarrow}</math>   Mn(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>
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-== 他の4つの強さに ==
+In the other chemical process, manganese dioxide ore is reduced by heating with oil or coal. The resulting [[manganese(II) oxide]] is dissolved in [[sulfuric acid]], and the filtered solution is treated with [[ammonium carbonate]] to precipitate MnCO<sub>3</sub>. The carbonate is [[calcined]] in air to give a mixture of manganese(II) and manganese(IV) oxides. To complete the process, a suspension of this material in sulfuric acid is treated with [[sodium chlorate]]. [[Chloric acid]], which forms in situ, converts any Mn(III) and Mn(II) oxides to the dioxide, releasing chlorine as a by-product.<ref name="ChiuZMnO2"/>
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+===Electrolytical manganese dioxide===
-相关的主题文章：
-  <ul>
+Electrolytical manganese dioxide (EMD) is used in [[zinc-carbon batteries]] together with [[zinc chloride]] and [[ammonium chloride]]. EMD is commonly used in zinc manganese dioxide rechargeable alkaline (Zn RAM) cells also. For these applications, purity is extremely important.
-   <li>[http://aipaipai1.com/blog/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=26584 http://aipaipai1.com/blog/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=26584]</li>
+==Reactions==
+The important reactions of {{chem|MnO|2}} are associated with its redox, both oxidation and reduction.
-   <li>[http://www.bemikitties.com/guestbook/guestbook.cgi http://www.bemikitties.com/guestbook/guestbook.cgi]</li>
+===Reduction===
-   <li>[http://www.kleo.ru/cgi-bin/club/messagelist.cgi http://www.kleo.ru/cgi-bin/club/messagelist.cgi]</li>
+{{chem|MnO|2}} is the principal  [[Precursor (chemistry)|precursor]] to [[ferromanganese]] and related alloys, which are widely used in the steel industry.  The conversions involve [[carbothermal reduction]] using [[Coke (fuel)|coke]]:
+:{{chem|MnO|2}}  +  2 C   →  Mn  +  2 CO
- </ul>
+The key reactions of {{chem|MnO|2}} in batteries is the one-electron reduction:
+:{{chem|MnO|2}}  +  e<sup>−</sup>  +  H<sup>+</sup>   →  MnO(OH)
+{{chem|MnO|2}} [[catalysis|catalyses]] several reactions that form {{chem|O|2}}.  In a classical laboratory demonstration, heating a mixture of [[potassium chlorate]] and manganese dioxide produces oxygen gas.  Manganese dioxide also catalyses the decomposition of [[hydrogen peroxide]] to oxygen and [[water (molecule)|water]]:
+:2 H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>   →  2 H<sub>2</sub>O  +  O<sub>2</sub>
+Manganese dioxide decomposes above about 530&nbsp;°C to [[manganese(III) oxide]] and oxygen.  At temperatures close to 1000&nbsp;°C, the [[mixed-valence compound]] Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> forms.  Higher temperatures give MnO.
+Hot concentrated [[sulfuric acid]] reduces the MnO<sub>2</sub> to [[manganese(II) sulfate]]:<ref name="G&E"/>
+:2 MnO<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>   →   2 MnSO<sub>4</sub>  +  O<sub>2</sub>  +  2 H<sub>2</sub>O
+The reaction of [[hydrogen chloride]] with MnO<sub>2</sub> was used by [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] in the original isolation of [[chlorine]] gas in 1774:
+:MnO<sub>2</sub>  +  4 HCl  →   MnCl<sub>2</sub>  +  Cl<sub>2</sub>  +  2 H<sub>2</sub>O
+As a source of hydrogen chloride, Scheele treated [[sodium chloride]] with concentrated sulfuric acid.<ref name=G&E>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw1st}}.</ref>
+::''E''<sup><s>o</s></sup> (MnO<sub>2</sub>(s)  +  4 H<sup>+</sup>  +  2 e<sup>−</sup>   {{eqm}}   Mn<sup>2+</sup>  +  2 H<sub>2</sub>O) = +1.23&nbsp;V
+::''E''<sup><s>o</s></sup> (Cl<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2 e<sup>−</sup> {{eqm}} 2 Cl<sup>−</sup>) = +1.36&nbsp;V
+The [[standard electrode potential]]s for the [[half reaction]]s indicate that the reaction is [[endothermic]] at pH = 0 (1 M [H<sup>+</sup>]), but it is favoured by the lower [[pH]] as well as the evolution (and removal) of gaseous chlorine.
+This reaction is also a convenient way to remove the manganese dioxide [[precipitate]] from the [[ground glass joint]]s after running a reaction (i. e., an oxidation with [[potassium permanganate]]).
+===Oxidation===
+Heating a mixture of [[potassium hydroxide|KOH]] and {{chem|MnO|2}} in air gives green [[potassium manganate]]:
+:2 MnO<sub>2</sub>  +  4 KOH  +   O<sub>2</sub>  →  2 K<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub>  +   2 H<sub>2</sub>O
+Potassium manganate is the precursor to [[potassium permanganate]], a common oxidant.
+==Applications==
+The predominant application of MnO<sub>2</sub> is as a component of [[dry cell]] batteries, so called [[Leclanché cell]], or [[Zinc–carbon battery|zinc–carbon batteries]].  Approximately 500,000&nbsp;[[tonne]]s are consumed for this application annually.<ref name=Ullmann>{{citation | first = Arno H. | last = Reidies | contribution = Manganese Compounds | title = Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry | publisher = Wiley-VCH | location = Weinheim | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1002/14356007.a16_123 | volume = 20 | pages = 495–542 | isbn = 3-527-30385-5}}.</ref>  Other industrial applications include the use of {{chem|MnO|2}} as an inorganic [[pigment]] in [[ceramic]]s and in [[glassmaking]].
+===Organic synthesis===<!--used in ind production of p-quinone from aniline-->
+A specialized use of manganese dioxide is as oxidant in [[organic synthesis]].<ref>{{citation | last1 = Cahiez | first1 = G. | last2 = Alami | first2 = M. | last3 = Taylor | first3 = R. J. K. | last4 = Reid | first4 = M. | last5 = Foot | first5 = J. S.  | contribution = Manganese Dioxide | title = Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis | editor-first = Leo A. | editor-last = Paquette | year = 2004 | publisher = J. Wiley & Sons | location = New York}}.</ref> The effectiveness of the reagent depends on the method of preparation, a problem that is typical for other heterogeneous reagents where surface area, among other variables, is a significant factor.<ref>{{citation | last1 = Attenburrow | first1 = J. | last2 = Cameron | first2 = A. F. B. | last3 = Chapman | first3 = J. H. | last4 = Evans | first4 = R. M. | last5 = Hems | first5 = B. A. | last6 = Jansen | first6 = A. B. A. | last7 = Walker | first7 = T. | journal = J. Chem. Soc. | year = 1952 | page = 1094}}.</ref> The mineral [[pyrolusite]] makes a poor reagent. Usually, however, the reagent is generated in situ by treatment of an aqueous solution KMnO<sub>4</sub> with a Mn(II) salt, typically the sulfate.  MnO<sub>2</sub> oxidizes [[allylic]] alcohols to the corresponding [[aldehyde]]s or [[ketone]]s:<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Leo A. Paquette and Todd M. Heidelbaugh | title = (4S)-(−)-tert-Butyldimethylsiloxy-2-cyclopen-1-one | |collvol = 9 | collvolpages = 136 | year =  | prep = cv9p0136}} (this procedure illustrates the use of MnO2 for the oxidation of an allylic alcohol.</ref>
+::cis-RCH=CHCH<sub>2</sub>OH  +  MnO<sub>2</sub>  →  cis-RCH=CHCHO  +  “MnO”  +  H<sub>2</sub>O
+The configuration of the [[double bond]] is conserved in the reaction. The corresponding [[acetylenic]] alcohols are also suitable substrates, although the resulting [[propargylic]] aldehydes can be quite reactive. [[Benzylic]] and even unactivated alcohols are also good substrates. 1,2-[[Diol]]s are cleaved by MnO<sub>2</sub> to [[dialdehyde]]s or [[diketone]]s. Otherwise, the applications of MnO<sub>2</sub> are numerous, being applicable to many kinds of reactions including [[amine]] oxidation, aromatization, [[oxidative coupling]], and [[thiol]] oxidation.
+===Pigment===
+Manganese dioxide was one of the earliest natural substances used by human ancestors. It was used as a [[pigment]] at least from the [[middle paleolithic]]. It was possibly used first for [[body painting]], and later for [[cave painting]]. Some of the most famous early cave paintings in Europe were executed by means of manganese dioxide.
+==Hazards==
+Manganese dioxide can slightly [[stain]] human skin if it is damp or in a [[heterogeneous mixture]], but the stains can be washed off quite easily with some rubbing.
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==External links==
+* [http://www.mn-consortium.org/ REACH Mn Consortium]
+* [http://www.orgsyn.org/orgsyn/chemname.asp?nameID=33430 Index of Organic Synthesis procedures utilizing MnO<sub>2</sub>]
+* [http://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/oxidations/manganese(IV)oxide.shtm Example Reactions with Mn(IV) oxide]
+* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/52.html National Pollutant Inventory - Manganese and compounds Fact Sheet]
+* [http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=14801 PubChem summary of MnO<sub>2</sub>]
+* [http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0175.htm International Chemical Safety Card 0175]
+*[http://web.archive.org/web/20041124065033/ceramic-materials.com/cermat/education/139.html Potters Manganese Toxicity by Elke Blodgett]
+{{Manganese compounds}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Manganese Dioxide}}
+[[Category:Manganese compounds]]
+[[Category:Manganese minerals]]
+[[Category:Oxide minerals]]
+[[Category:Oxides]]
+[[Category:Inorganic pigments]]

Riccati equation: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:03, 12 January 2014

Contents

Structure

Production

Chemical manganese dioxide

Electrolytical manganese dioxide

Reactions

Reduction

Oxidation

Applications

Organic synthesis

Pigment

Hazards

References

External links

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Riccati equation: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 00:03, 12 January 2014

Structure

Production

Chemical manganese dioxide

Electrolytical manganese dioxide

Reactions

Reduction

Oxidation

Applications

Organic synthesis

Pigment

Hazards

References

External links

Navigation menu

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