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{{About|astrophysics|the measure in cycling|Arthur_Eddington#Eddington_number_(cycling)}} | |||
In [[astrophysics]], the '''Eddington number''', ''N''<sub>Edd</sub>, is the number of [[proton]]s in the [[observable universe]]. The name honors the [[United Kingdom|British]] astrophysicist [[Arthur Eddington]] who, in 1938, was the first to propose a calculation of ''N''<sub>Edd</sub>, and to explain why this number could be important for [[cosmology]] and the foundations of [[physics]]. | |||
In the late 1930s, the best experimental value of the [[fine structure constant]], α, was about 1/136. Eddington began by arguing, from aesthetic and [[numerological]] considerations, that α should be ''exactly'' 1/136. He then gave a "proof" that ''N''<sub>Edd</sub> = 136×2<sup>256</sup>, or about 1.57×10<sup>79</sup>. In the 1938 [[Tarner Lectures|Tarner Lecture]] at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]], Eddington averred that: | |||
{{quotation |I believe there are 15 747 724 136 275 002 577 605 653 961 181 555 468 044 717 914 527 116 709 366 231 425 076 185 631 031 296 [[proton]]s in the universe and the same number of [[electron]]s.<ref>Eddington (1939), lecture titled "The Philosophy of Physical Science."</ref>}} | |||
This large number was soon named the "Eddington number." Shortly thereafter, improved measurements of α yielded values closer to 1/137, whereupon Eddington changed his 'proof' to show that α had to be ''exactly'' 1/137<ref>Eddington (1946)</ref> – a feat for which ''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' dubbed him "Sir Arthur Adding-One." | |||
The most precise value of ''α'' obtained experimentally (as of 2012):<ref> | |||
{{Cite journal | |||
|author=Tatsumi Aoyama, Masashi Hayakawa, Toichiro Kinoshita, Makiko Nio | |||
|year=2012 | |||
|title=Tenth-Order QED Contribution to the Electron g-2 and an Improved Value of the Fine Structure Constant | |||
|journal=[[Physical Review Letters]] | |||
|volume=109 | |||
|issue=11 |page=111807 | |||
|doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.111807 | |||
|url=http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.111807 | |||
|arxiv = 1205.5368v2 |bibcode = 2012PhRvL.109k1807A }}</ref> | |||
: <math>\alpha^{-1} = 137.035\,999\,174(35).</math> | |||
Hence no one maintains any longer that α is the [[unit fraction|reciprocal of an integer]]. Nor does anyone take seriously a mathematical connection between the value of α and ''N''<sub>Edd</sub>. [[Observable_universe#Matter_content|More defendable estimates]] of ''N''<sub>Edd</sub> point to a value of about 10<sup>80</sup>.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} These estimates assume that all matter can be taken to be [[hydrogen]], and require assumed values for the numbers and sizes of [[galaxie]]s and [[star]]s in the universe. | |||
On possible roles for ''N''<sub>Edd</sub> in contemporary [[cosmology]], especially its connection with the [[Dirac large numbers hypothesis|large number coincidences]], see Barrow (2002) (easier) and Barrow and Tipler (1986: 224–31) (harder). | |||
==Notes== | |||
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> | |||
<references/> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Eddington–Dirac number]] | |||
*[[Observable universe]] | |||
*[[Arthur_Stanley_Eddington#Eddington_number_.28cycling.29|Eddington number (cycling)]] | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
*[[John D. Barrow]], 2002. ''The Constants of Nature; From Alpha to Omega - The Numbers that Encode the Deepest Secrets of the Universe''. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42221-8. | |||
*{{cite book | author=-------- & [[Frank J. Tipler]] | title=[[Anthropic Principle|The Anthropic Cosmological Principle]] | year=1986 | location=London | publisher=Oxford University Press}} | |||
*{{cite book | author=Dingle, H. | year=1954 | title=The Sources of Eddington's Philosophy | location=London | publisher=Cambridge University Press }} | |||
*{{cite book | author=[[Arthur Eddington]] | title=The Nature of the Physical World | year=1928 | location=London | publisher=Cambridge University Press }} | |||
*{{cite book | author=-------- | title=New Pathways in Science | year=1935 | location=London | publisher=Cambridge University Press }} | |||
*{{cite book | author=-------- | title=The Philosophy of Physical Science | year=1939 | location=London | publisher=Cambridge University Press }} | |||
*{{cite book | author=-------- | title=Fundamental Theory | year=1946 | location=London | publisher=Cambridge University Press }} | |||
*{{cite book | author=[[Clive W. Kilmister|Kilmister, C.W.]] & Tupper, B.O.J. | year=1962 | title=Eddington's Statistical Theory | location=London | publisher=Oxford University Press }} | |||
*{{cite journal | author=Mohr, P.J. & Taylor, B.N. | title=CODATA recommended values of the fundamental phh | pages=1–107 | doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.77.1 | year=2005 | journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | volume=77 | bibcode=2005RvMP...77....1M}} | |||
*{{cite book | author=Slater, N.B. | year=1957 | title=Development and Meaning in Eddington's Fundamental Theory | location=London | publisher=Cambridge University Press }} | |||
*{{cite book | author=[[E. T. Whittaker|Whittaker, E.T.]] | year=1951 | title=Eddington's Principle in the Philosophy of Science | publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=London }} | |||
*{{cite book | author=-------- | year=1958 | title=From Euclid to Eddington | publisher=Dover | location=New York }} | |||
[[Category:Numerology]] | |||
[[Category:Astrophysics]] | |||
Revision as of 15:39, 25 January 2014
29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church. In astrophysics, the Eddington number, NEdd, is the number of protons in the observable universe. The name honors the British astrophysicist Arthur Eddington who, in 1938, was the first to propose a calculation of NEdd, and to explain why this number could be important for cosmology and the foundations of physics.
In the late 1930s, the best experimental value of the fine structure constant, α, was about 1/136. Eddington began by arguing, from aesthetic and numerological considerations, that α should be exactly 1/136. He then gave a "proof" that NEdd = 136×2256, or about 1.57×1079. In the 1938 Tarner Lecture at Trinity College, Cambridge, Eddington averred that:
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This large number was soon named the "Eddington number." Shortly thereafter, improved measurements of α yielded values closer to 1/137, whereupon Eddington changed his 'proof' to show that α had to be exactly 1/137[1] – a feat for which Punch dubbed him "Sir Arthur Adding-One."
The most precise value of α obtained experimentally (as of 2012):[2]
Hence no one maintains any longer that α is the reciprocal of an integer. Nor does anyone take seriously a mathematical connection between the value of α and NEdd. More defendable estimates of NEdd point to a value of about 1080.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. These estimates assume that all matter can be taken to be hydrogen, and require assumed values for the numbers and sizes of galaxies and stars in the universe.
On possible roles for NEdd in contemporary cosmology, especially its connection with the large number coincidences, see Barrow (2002) (easier) and Barrow and Tipler (1986: 224–31) (harder).
Notes
- ↑ Eddington (1946)
- ↑
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See also
Bibliography
- John D. Barrow, 2002. The Constants of Nature; From Alpha to Omega - The Numbers that Encode the Deepest Secrets of the Universe. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42221-8.
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Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
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