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The '''molar absorption coefficient''', '''[[Mole (unit)|molar]] extinction coefficient''', or '''molar absorptivity''' (''ε''), is a measurement of how strongly a [[chemical species]] [[absorbance|absorbs]] light at a given [[wavelength]]. It is an [[intrinsic property]] of the species; the actual [[absorbance]], ''A'', of a sample is dependent on the pathlength, ''ℓ'', and the concentration, ''c'', of the species via the [[Beer–Lambert law]], <math>A=\varepsilon c \ell</math>. | |||
The [[SI|SI units]] for ε are m<sup>2</sup>/mol, but in practice, they are usually taken as [[Molar_concentration#Units|M]]<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup> or L mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>. In older literature, cm<sup>2</sup> mol<sup>−1</sup> is sometimes used with corresponding values 1000 times larger. These units may look different, but it is just a matter of expressing volume in cm<sup>3</sup> or in L. | |||
Different disciplines have different conventions as to whether [[absorbance]] is [[Natural logarithm|Napierian]] (e-based) or decadic (10-based), i.e., defined with respect to the transmission via natural logarithm (ln) or common logarithm (log<sub>10</sub>). The molar absorption coefficient is usually decadic,<ref>[http://www.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha10sec213.pdf][http://www.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha10sec352.pdf][http://www.iupac.org/publications/analytical_compendium/Cha11sec2.pdf]</ref> but when ambiguity exists it is best to qualify it as such. | |||
In [[biochemistry]], the extinction coefficient of a [[protein]] at 280 nm depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly [[tryptophan]], and can be predicted from the sequence of [[amino acids]].<ref>{{Citation | |||
| last =Gill | |||
| first =SC | |||
| last2 =von Hippel | |||
| first2 =PH | |||
| title =Calculation of protein extinction coefficients from amino acid sequence data | |||
| journal =Analytical Biochemistry | |||
| volume =182 | |||
| issue =2 | |||
| pages =319–26 | |||
| year =1989 | |||
| url =http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez (PubMed abstract) | |||
| doi =10.1016/0003-2697(89)90602-7 | |||
| pmid =2610349 }}</ref> If the extinction coefficient is known, it can be used to determine the concentration of a protein in solution. | |||
When there is more than one absorbing species in a solution, the overall absorbance is the sum of the absorbances for each individual species (X, Y, etc.): | |||
:<math>A = (\varepsilon_{\mathrm X} c_{\mathrm X} + \varepsilon_{\mathrm Y} c_{\mathrm{Y}} + \cdots)\ell</math>, | |||
The composition of a mixture of ''N'' components can be found by measuring the absorbance at ''N'' [[wavelength]]s (the values of ε for each compound at these wavelengths must also be known). The wavelengths chosen are usually the wavelengths of maximum absorption (absorbance maxima) for the individual components. None of the wavelengths must be an ''[[isosbestic point]]'' for a pair of species. For ''N'' components with concentrations <math>c_i</math> and wavelengths <math>\lambda_i</math>, absorbances <math>A(\lambda_i)</math> are obtained: | |||
:<math>A(\lambda_i) = \ell\sum_{j=1}^N \varepsilon_j(\lambda_i) c_j</math>. | |||
This set of [[simultaneous equations]] can be solved to find concentrations of each absorbing species. | |||
The molar extinction coefficient <math>\varepsilon</math> (if expressed in units of L mol<sup>−1</sup> cm<sup>−1</sup>) is directly related to the [[Absorption cross section]], <math>\sigma</math>, (in units of cm<sup>2</sup>) via the [[Avogadro constant]]:<ref>{{Citation | |||
| last =Lakowicz | |||
| first =Joseph R | |||
| title =Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy | |||
| publisher = Springer Science+Business Media, LLC | |||
| address = New York | |||
| edition = 3rd | |||
| pages =59 | |||
| year =2006 }}</ref> | |||
:<math>\sigma = 1000 \ln(10) \frac{\varepsilon}{N_A} = 3.82 \times 10^{-21} \varepsilon</math>. | |||
The molar absorptivity is also closely related to the [[mass attenuation coefficient]], by the equation | |||
:([[Mass attenuation coefficient]])×([[Molar mass]]) = (Molar absorptivity). | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==External links == | |||
* [http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/livecellimaging/fpintro.html Nikon MicroscopyU Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins] includes a table of molar absorptivity of [[fluorescent protein]]s. | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Molar Absorptivity}} | |||
[[Category:Analytical chemistry]] |
Revision as of 16:21, 22 January 2014
The molar absorption coefficient, molar extinction coefficient, or molar absorptivity (ε), is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs light at a given wavelength. It is an intrinsic property of the species; the actual absorbance, A, of a sample is dependent on the pathlength, ℓ, and the concentration, c, of the species via the Beer–Lambert law, .
The SI units for ε are m2/mol, but in practice, they are usually taken as M−1 cm−1 or L mol−1 cm−1. In older literature, cm2 mol−1 is sometimes used with corresponding values 1000 times larger. These units may look different, but it is just a matter of expressing volume in cm3 or in L.
Different disciplines have different conventions as to whether absorbance is Napierian (e-based) or decadic (10-based), i.e., defined with respect to the transmission via natural logarithm (ln) or common logarithm (log10). The molar absorption coefficient is usually decadic,[1] but when ambiguity exists it is best to qualify it as such.
In biochemistry, the extinction coefficient of a protein at 280 nm depends almost exclusively on the number of aromatic residues, particularly tryptophan, and can be predicted from the sequence of amino acids.[2] If the extinction coefficient is known, it can be used to determine the concentration of a protein in solution.
When there is more than one absorbing species in a solution, the overall absorbance is the sum of the absorbances for each individual species (X, Y, etc.):
The composition of a mixture of N components can be found by measuring the absorbance at N wavelengths (the values of ε for each compound at these wavelengths must also be known). The wavelengths chosen are usually the wavelengths of maximum absorption (absorbance maxima) for the individual components. None of the wavelengths must be an isosbestic point for a pair of species. For N components with concentrations and wavelengths , absorbances are obtained:
This set of simultaneous equations can be solved to find concentrations of each absorbing species.
The molar extinction coefficient (if expressed in units of L mol−1 cm−1) is directly related to the Absorption cross section, , (in units of cm2) via the Avogadro constant:[3]
The molar absorptivity is also closely related to the mass attenuation coefficient, by the equation
- (Mass attenuation coefficient)×(Molar mass) = (Molar absorptivity).
References
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External links
- Nikon MicroscopyU Introduction to Fluorescent Proteins includes a table of molar absorptivity of fluorescent proteins.
- ↑ [1][2][3]
- ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 - ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010