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'''40-bit encryption''' refers to a [[key size]] of forty bits, or five [[byte]]s, for [[symmetric encryption]]; this represents a relatively low level of security. A forty bit length corresponds to a total of <math>2^{40}</math> possible keys. Although this is a large number in human terms (about a [[1000000000000 (number)|trillion]], nearly two hundred times the world's human population), it is possible to break this degree of encryption using a moderate amount of computing power in a [[brute force attack]] — that is, trying out each possible key in turn. | |||
==Description== | |||
A typical home computer in 2004 could [[Brute-force attack|brute-force]] a 40-bit key in a little under two weeks, testing a million keys per second; modern computers are able to achieve this much faster. Using free time on a large corporate network or a [[botnet]] would reduce the time in proportion to the number of computers available.{{sfn|Schneier|1996|p=154}} With dedicated hardware, a 40-bit key can be broken in seconds. The [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]'s [[Deep Crack]], built by a group of enthusiasts for US$250,000 in 1998, could break a 56-bit [[Data Encryption Standard]] (DES) key in days,{{sfn|EFF-1998}} and would be able to break 40-bit DES encryption in about two seconds.{{sfn|Schneier|1996|p=153}} | |||
40-bit encryption was common in software released before 1996, when algorithms with larger key lengths could not legally be [[export of cryptography|exported]] from the United States without a case-by-case license. "In the early 1990s ... As a general policy, the State Department allowed exports of commercial encryption with 40-bit keys, although some software with DES could be exported to U.S.-controlled subsidiaries and financial institutions."{{sfn|Grimmett|2001|p=}}{{sfn|Schneier|1996|p=615}} As a result, the "international" versions of [[web browser]]s were designed to have an effective key size of 40 bits when using [[Secure Sockets Layer]] to protect [[e-commerce]]. Similar limitations were imposed on other software packages, including early versions of [[Wired Equivalent Privacy]]. In 1992, [[IBM]] designed the [[CDMF]] algorithm to reduce the strength of [[56-bit encryption|56-bit]] DES against brute force attack to 40 bits, in order to create exportable DES implementations. | |||
==Obsolescence== | |||
All 40-bit and 56-bit encryption algorithms are [[obsolete]] because they are vulnerable to [[brute force attack]]s, and therefore cannot be regarded as secure. As a result, virtually all web browsers now use 128-bit keys, which are considered strong. Some [[web server]]s will not communicate with a client unless it has a 128-bit encryption capability installed on it. | |||
Public/private key pairs used in [[asymmetric encryption]] (public key cryptography) must be much longer than 128 bits for security; see [[key size]] for more details. | |||
As a general rule, modern symmetric encryption algorithms such as [[Advanced Encryption Standard|AES]] use key lengths of 128, 192 and 256 bits. | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[56-bit encryption]] | |||
*[[Content Scramble System]] | |||
==Footnotes== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==References== | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
*{{cite web|url=https://w2.eff.org/Privacy/Crypto/Crypto_misc/DESCracker/HTML/19980716_eff_des_faq.html|title=Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) About the Electronic Frontier Foundation's "DES Cracker" Machine|publisher=Electronic Frontier Foundation|date=16 July 1998|accessdate=23 Mar 2012|ref={{harvid|EFF-1998}}}} | |||
*{{cite report|url=http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/crs/rl30273.pdf|format=pdf|title=Encryption Export Controls|first=Jeanne J.|last=Grimmett|title=Congressional Research Service Eeport RL30273|year=2001|ref=harv}} | |||
*{{cite book|last=Schneier|first=Bruce|title=Applied Cryptography|edition=Second Edition|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1996|isbn=0-471-11709-9|ref=harv}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
[[Category:Symmetric-key cryptography]] | |||
[[Category:History of cryptography]] | |||
Revision as of 23:55, 22 January 2014
Template:Use mdy dates 40-bit encryption refers to a key size of forty bits, or five bytes, for symmetric encryption; this represents a relatively low level of security. A forty bit length corresponds to a total of possible keys. Although this is a large number in human terms (about a trillion, nearly two hundred times the world's human population), it is possible to break this degree of encryption using a moderate amount of computing power in a brute force attack — that is, trying out each possible key in turn.
Description
A typical home computer in 2004 could brute-force a 40-bit key in a little under two weeks, testing a million keys per second; modern computers are able to achieve this much faster. Using free time on a large corporate network or a botnet would reduce the time in proportion to the number of computers available.Template:Sfn With dedicated hardware, a 40-bit key can be broken in seconds. The Electronic Frontier Foundation's Deep Crack, built by a group of enthusiasts for US$250,000 in 1998, could break a 56-bit Data Encryption Standard (DES) key in days,Template:Sfn and would be able to break 40-bit DES encryption in about two seconds.Template:Sfn
40-bit encryption was common in software released before 1996, when algorithms with larger key lengths could not legally be exported from the United States without a case-by-case license. "In the early 1990s ... As a general policy, the State Department allowed exports of commercial encryption with 40-bit keys, although some software with DES could be exported to U.S.-controlled subsidiaries and financial institutions."Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn As a result, the "international" versions of web browsers were designed to have an effective key size of 40 bits when using Secure Sockets Layer to protect e-commerce. Similar limitations were imposed on other software packages, including early versions of Wired Equivalent Privacy. In 1992, IBM designed the CDMF algorithm to reduce the strength of 56-bit DES against brute force attack to 40 bits, in order to create exportable DES implementations.
Obsolescence
All 40-bit and 56-bit encryption algorithms are obsolete because they are vulnerable to brute force attacks, and therefore cannot be regarded as secure. As a result, virtually all web browsers now use 128-bit keys, which are considered strong. Some web servers will not communicate with a client unless it has a 128-bit encryption capability installed on it.
Public/private key pairs used in asymmetric encryption (public key cryptography) must be much longer than 128 bits for security; see key size for more details.
As a general rule, modern symmetric encryption algorithms such as AES use key lengths of 128, 192 and 256 bits.
See also
Footnotes
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
References
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite report
- 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534