Compact operator: Difference between revisions
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{{about|car handling|the topic in aviation|Sideslip angle}} | |||
[[File:TreadDeflected1.jpg|thumb|350px|'Deflected' tread path, sideslip velocity and slip angle]] <!-- image size is specified to make text legible --> | |||
In [[vehicle dynamics]], '''slip angle'''<ref name="Pacejka">{{cite book | |||
| title = Tire and Vehicle Dynamics | |||
| last = Pacejka | |||
| first = Hans B. | |||
| edition = 2nd | |||
| publisher = Society of Automotive Engineers | |||
| isbn = 0-7680-1702-5 | |||
| pages = 3}}</ref> or '''sideslip angle'''<ref name="Cossalter">{{cite book | |||
| title = Motorcycle Dynamics | |||
| edition = Second | |||
| last = Cossalter | |||
| first = Vittore | |||
| year = 2006 | |||
| publisher = Lulu.com | |||
| isbn = 978-1-4303-0861-4 | |||
| pages = 47,111}}</ref> is the angle between a rolling wheel's actual direction of travel and the direction towards which it is pointing (i.e., the angle of the vector sum of wheel forward velocity <math>v_x</math> and lateral velocity <math>v_y</math>).<ref name="Pacejka"/> For a free-rolling wheel this slip angle results in a force parallel to the axle and the component of the force perpendicular to the wheel's direction of travel is the [[cornering force]]. This cornering force increases approximately linearly for the first few degrees of slip angle, then increases non-linearly to a maximum before beginning to decrease. | |||
The slip angle, <math>\alpha</math> is defined as <br /> | |||
<center><math>\alpha \triangleq -\arctan\left(\frac{v_y}{|v_x|}\right)</math></center> | |||
==Causes== | |||
A non-zero slip angle arises because of deformation in the [[tire]] carcass and tread. As the tire rotates, the friction between the contact patch and the road results in individual tread 'elements' (finite sections of tread) remaining stationary with respect to the road. If a side-slip velocity ''u'' is introduced, the [[contact patch]] will be deformed. As a tread element enters the contact patch the friction between road and tire means that the tread element remains stationary, yet the tire continues to move laterally. This means that the tread element will be ‘deflected’ sideways. In reality it is the tire/wheel that is being deflected away from the stationary tread element, but convention is for the co-ordinate system to be fixed around the wheel mid-plane. | |||
As the tread element moves through the contact patch it will be deflected further from the wheel mid-plane. This deflection gives rise to the slip angle, and to the [[cornering force]]. The rate at which the cornering force builds up is described by the [[relaxation length]]. | |||
==Effects== | |||
The ratios between the slip angles of the front and rear axles (a function of the slip angles of the front and rear tires respectively) will determine the vehicle's behavior in a given turn. If the ratio of front to rear slip angles is greater than 1:1, the vehicle will tend to [[understeer]], while a ratio of less than 1:1 will produce [[oversteer]].<ref name="Cossalter"/> Actual instantaneous slip angles depend on many factors, including the condition of the road surface, but a vehicle's [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] can be designed to promote specific dynamic characteristics. A principal means of adjusting developed slip angles is to alter the relative roll couple (the rate at which weight transfers from the inside to the outside wheel in a turn) front to rear by varying the relative amount of front and rear lateral [[load transfer]]. This can be achieved by modifying the height of the [[roll center]]s, or by adjusting [[roll stiffness]], either through suspension changes or the addition of an [[anti-roll bar]]. | |||
Because of asymmetries in the side-slip along the length of the contact patch, the resultant force of this side-slip occurs away from the geometric center of the contact patch, a distance described as the [[pneumatic trail]], and so creates a torque on the tire. | |||
== Measurement of slip angle == | |||
There are two main ways to measure slip angle of a tire: on a vehicle as it moves, or on a dedicated testing device. | |||
There are a number of devices which can be used to measure slip angle on a vehicle as it moves; some use optical methods, some use inertial methods, some [[GPS]] and some both GPS and inertial. | |||
Various test machines have been developed to measure slip angle in a controlled environment. A [[motorcycle tire]] test machine is located at the [[University of Padua]]. That uses a 3 meter diameter disk that rotates under a tire held at a fixed steer and camber angle, up to 54 degrees. Sensors measure the force and moment generated, and a correction is made to account for the curvature of the track.<ref name="Cossalter"/> Other devices use the inner or outer surface of rotating drums, sliding planks, conveyor belts, or a trailer that presses the test tire to an actual road surface.<ref name="Pacejka"/> | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Camber thrust]] | |||
*[[Cornering force]] | |||
*[[Slip (vehicle dynamics)]] | |||
*[[Traction Circle]] | |||
== References == | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Car safety]] | |||
[[Category:Automotive steering technologies]] | |||
[[Category:Automotive suspension technologies]] | |||
[[Category:Tires]] | |||
[[Category:Motorcycle dynamics]] | |||
Revision as of 23:25, 3 February 2014
29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church.
In vehicle dynamics, slip angle[1] or sideslip angle[2] is the angle between a rolling wheel's actual direction of travel and the direction towards which it is pointing (i.e., the angle of the vector sum of wheel forward velocity and lateral velocity ).[1] For a free-rolling wheel this slip angle results in a force parallel to the axle and the component of the force perpendicular to the wheel's direction of travel is the cornering force. This cornering force increases approximately linearly for the first few degrees of slip angle, then increases non-linearly to a maximum before beginning to decrease.
Causes
A non-zero slip angle arises because of deformation in the tire carcass and tread. As the tire rotates, the friction between the contact patch and the road results in individual tread 'elements' (finite sections of tread) remaining stationary with respect to the road. If a side-slip velocity u is introduced, the contact patch will be deformed. As a tread element enters the contact patch the friction between road and tire means that the tread element remains stationary, yet the tire continues to move laterally. This means that the tread element will be ‘deflected’ sideways. In reality it is the tire/wheel that is being deflected away from the stationary tread element, but convention is for the co-ordinate system to be fixed around the wheel mid-plane.
As the tread element moves through the contact patch it will be deflected further from the wheel mid-plane. This deflection gives rise to the slip angle, and to the cornering force. The rate at which the cornering force builds up is described by the relaxation length.
Effects
The ratios between the slip angles of the front and rear axles (a function of the slip angles of the front and rear tires respectively) will determine the vehicle's behavior in a given turn. If the ratio of front to rear slip angles is greater than 1:1, the vehicle will tend to understeer, while a ratio of less than 1:1 will produce oversteer.[2] Actual instantaneous slip angles depend on many factors, including the condition of the road surface, but a vehicle's suspension can be designed to promote specific dynamic characteristics. A principal means of adjusting developed slip angles is to alter the relative roll couple (the rate at which weight transfers from the inside to the outside wheel in a turn) front to rear by varying the relative amount of front and rear lateral load transfer. This can be achieved by modifying the height of the roll centers, or by adjusting roll stiffness, either through suspension changes or the addition of an anti-roll bar.
Because of asymmetries in the side-slip along the length of the contact patch, the resultant force of this side-slip occurs away from the geometric center of the contact patch, a distance described as the pneumatic trail, and so creates a torque on the tire.
Measurement of slip angle
There are two main ways to measure slip angle of a tire: on a vehicle as it moves, or on a dedicated testing device.
There are a number of devices which can be used to measure slip angle on a vehicle as it moves; some use optical methods, some use inertial methods, some GPS and some both GPS and inertial.
Various test machines have been developed to measure slip angle in a controlled environment. A motorcycle tire test machine is located at the University of Padua. That uses a 3 meter diameter disk that rotates under a tire held at a fixed steer and camber angle, up to 54 degrees. Sensors measure the force and moment generated, and a correction is made to account for the curvature of the track.[2] Other devices use the inner or outer surface of rotating drums, sliding planks, conveyor belts, or a trailer that presses the test tire to an actual road surface.[1]
See also
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
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My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534