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[[Image:ev26221 KlyuchevskayaSopka.A2004012.0035.500m.jpg|thumb||250px|Ash plumes on Kamchatka Peninsula, eastern Russia. A [[MODIS]] image.]]
{{About|Bioinformatics|the disease in horses known by the acronym "PSSM"|Equine polysaccharide storage myopathy}}
{{Expert-subject|date=September 2011}}


'''Imaging spectroscopy''' (also '''[[Hyperspectral imaging|hyperspectral]]''' or '''[[spectral imaging]]''' or [[chemical imaging]])
A '''position weight matrix (PWM)''', also called '''position-specific weight matrix (PSWM)''' or '''position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM)''', is a commonly used representation of [[sequence motif|motifs]] (patterns) in biological sequences.<ref name="Ben-Gal2005">{{cite journal |author=Ben-Gal I, Shani A, Gohr A, Grau J, Arviv S, Shmilovici A, Posch S, Grosse I |title=Identification of Transcription Factor Binding Sites with Variable-order Bayesian Networks |journal=Bioinformatics |volume=21 |issue=11 |year=2005 |pages=2657–2666 |url=http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/bti410?ijkey=KkxNhRdTSfvtvXY&keytype=ref |doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/bti410 |pmid=15797905}}</ref>
is similar to [[color photography]], but each pixel acquires many bands of light intensity data from the spectrum, instead of just the three bands of the [[RGB color model]]. More precisely, it is the simultaneous acquisition of spatially [[Image registration|coregistered images]] in many [[electromagnetic spectrum|spectrally]] contiguous [[frequency band|bands]].


Some spectral images contain only a few [[image plane]]s of a spectral [[data cube]], while others are better thought of as full spectra at every location in the image. For example, [[solar physics|solar physicist]]s use the [[spectroheliograph]] to make images of the [[Sun]] built up by scanning the slit of a spectrograph, to study the behavior of surface features on the Sun; such a spectroheliogram may have a spectral resolution of over 100,000 (<math>\lambda / \Delta \lambda</math>) and be used to measure local motion (via the [[Doppler shift]]) and even the [[magnetic field]] (via the [[Zeeman splitting]] or [[Hanle effect]]) at each location in the image plane.  The [[multispectral image]]s collected by the [[Opportunity rover]], in contrast, have only four wavelength bands and hence are only a little more than [[color photography|3-color image]]s.
A PWM is a matrix of score values that gives a weighted match to any given [[substring]] of fixed length. It has one row for each symbol of the alphabet, and one column for each position in the pattern. The score assigned by a PWM to a [[substring]] <math>s=(s_j)_{j=1}^N</math> is defined as <math>\textstyle \sum_{j=1}^{N}{m_{s_j,j}}</math>, where <math>j</math> represents position in the substring, <math>s_j</math> is the symbol at position <math>j</math> in the substring, and <math>m_{\alpha,j}</math> is the score in row <math>\alpha</math>, column <math>j</math> of the matrix. In other words, a PWM score is the sum of position-specific scores for each symbol in the substring.


To be scientifically useful, such measurement should be done using an internationally recognized system of units.
==Basic PWM with log-likelihoods==
A PWM assumes independence between positions in the pattern, as it calculates scores at each position independently from the symbols at other positions.
The score of a substring aligned with a PWM can be interpreted as the [[likelihood function|log-likelihood]] of the substring under a product multinomial distribution. Since each column defines log-likelihoods for each of the different symbols, where the sum of likelihoods in a column equals one, the PWM corresponds to a [[Multinomial distribution]]. A PWM's score is the sum of log-likelihoods, which corresponds to the product of likelihoods, meaning that the score of a PWM is then a product-multinomial distribution. The PWM scores can also be interpreted in a physical framework as the sum of binding energies for all [[nucleotide]]s (symbols of the substring) aligned with the PWM.


One application is spectral [[geophysical imaging]], which allows quantitative and qualitative characterization of the surface and of the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]], using geometrically [[Coherence (physics)|coherent]] spectrodirectional{{Huh?|date=February 2013}} [[Radiometry|radiometric]] measurements. These measurements can then be used for unambiguous direct and indirect identification of surface materials and atmospheric trace gases, the measurement of their relative concentrations, subsequently the assignment of the proportional contribution of mixed pixel signals (e.g., the spectral unmixing problem), the derivation of their spatial distribution (mapping problem), and finally their study over time (multi-temporal analysis). The [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]] on [[Chandrayaan-1]] was an [[imaging spectrometer]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Large quantities of water found on the Moon|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/space/6224974/Large-quantities-of-water-found-on-the-Moon.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=24 Sep 2009}}</ref>
==Incorporating background distribution==
Instead of using log-likelihood values in the PWM, as described in the previous paragraph, several methods uses [[log-odds]] scores in the PWMs. An element in a PWM is then calculated as <math>m_{i,j}=log(p_{i,j} / b_i)</math>, where <math>p_{i,j}</math> is the probability of observing symbol i at position j of the motif, and <math>b_i</math> is the probability of observing the symbol i in a background model. The PWM score then corresponds to the log-odds of the substring being generated by the motif versus being generated by the background, in a [[generative model]] of the sequence.


== Background ==
==Information content of a PWM==
In 1704, [[Isaac Newton|Sir Isaac Newton]] demonstrated that white light could be split up into component colours. The subsequent [[history of spectroscopy]] led to precise measurements and provided the empirical foundations for atomic and [[molecular physics]] (Born & Wolf, 1999). Significant achievements in imaging spectroscopy are attributed to airborne instruments, particularly arising in the early 1980s and 1990s (Goetz et al., 1985; Vane et al., 1984). However, it was not until 1999 that the first imaging spectrometer was launched in space (the [[MODIS|NASA Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer]], or MODIS).
The [[information content]] (IC) of a PWM is sometimes of interest, as it says something about how different a given PWM is from a [[uniform distribution (discrete)|uniform distribution]].


Terminology and definitions evolve over time.  At one time, >10 spectral bands sufficed to justify the term "[[imaging spectrometer]]" but presently the term is seldom defined by a total minimum number of spectral bands, rather by a contiguous (or redundant) statement of [[spectral bands]].
The [[self-information]] of observing a particular symbol at a particular position of the motif is:
:<math>-\log(p_{i,j})</math>


The term [[hyperspectral]] imaging is sometimes used interchangeably with imaging spectroscopy. Due to its heavy use in military related applications, the civil world has established a slight preference for using the term imaging spectroscopy.
The expected (average) self-information of a particular element in the PWM is then:
:<math>-p_{i,j} \cdot \log(p_{i,j})</math>


== Unmixing ==
Finally, the IC of the PWM is then the sum of the expected self-information of every element:
Hyperspectral data is often used to determine what materials are present in a scene.  Materials of interest could include roadways, vegetation, and specific targets (i.e. pollutants, hazardous materials, etc.).  Trivially, each pixel of a hyperspectral image could be compared to a material database to determine the type of material making up the pixel.  However, many hyperspectral imaging platforms have low resolution (>5m per pixel) causing each pixel to be a mixture of several materials.  The process of unmixing one of these 'mixed' pixels is called hyperspectral image unmixing or simply hyperspectral unmixing.
:<math>\textstyle -\sum_{i,j} p_{i,j}\cdot \log(p_{i,j})</math>
=== Models ===


A solution to hyperspectral unmixing is to reverse the mixing process.  Generally, two models of mixing are assumed: linear and nonlinear.
Often, it is more useful to calculate the information content with the background letter frequencies of the sequences you are studying rather than assuming equal probabilities of each letter (e.g., the GC-content of DNA of [[thermophilic]] bacteria range from 65.3 to 70.8,<ref name="Aleksandrushkina1978">{{cite journal |author=Aleksandrushkina NI, Egorova LA |title=Nucleotide makeup of the DNA of thermophilic bacteria of the genus Thermus |journal=Mikrobiologiia |volume=47 |issue=2 |pages=250–2 |year=1978 |pmid=661633}}</ref> thus a motif of ATAT would contain much more information than a motif of CCGG). The equation for information content thus becomes
Linear mixing models the ground as being flat and incident sunlight on the ground causes the materials to radiate some amount of the incident energy back to the sensor. Each pixel then, is modeled as a linear sum of all the radiated energy curves of materials making up the pixel. Therefore, each material contributes to the sensor's observation in a positive linear fashion. Additionally, a conservation of energy constraint is often observed thereby forcing the weights of the linear mixture to sum to one in addition to being positive. The model can be described mathematically as follows:
:<math>\textstyle -\sum_{i,j} p_{i,j}\cdot \log(p_{i,j}/p_{b})</math>
where <math>p_{b}</math> is the background frequency for that letter. This corresponds to the [[Kullback-Leibler divergence]] or relative entropy. However, it has been shown that when using PSSM to search genomic sequences (see below) this uniform correction can lead to overestimation of the importance of the different bases in a motif, due to the uneven distribution of n-mers in real genomes, leading to a significantly larger number of false positives.<ref name="Erill2009">{{cite journal |author=Erill I, O'Neill MC |title=A reexamination of information theory-based methods for DNA-binding site identification |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |volume=10 |year=2009 |pmid=19210776 |pages=57 |doi=10.1186/1471-2105-10-57 |pmc=2680408}}</ref>


:<math>p = A*x\,</math>
==Using PWMs==
There are various algorithms to scan for hits of PWMs in sequences. One example is the MATCH algorithm<ref name="Kel2003">{{cite journal |author=Kel AE, ''et. al.'' |title=MATCHTM: a tool for searching transcription factor binding sites in DNA sequences |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=31 |pages=3576–3579 |year=2003 |doi=10.1093/nar/gkg585 |pmid=12824369 |issue=13 |pmc=169193}}</ref> which has been implemented in the ModuleMaster.<ref name="Wrzodek2010">{{Cite journal
  | last1 = Wrzodek  | first1 = Clemens
  | last2 = Schröder | first2 = Adrian
  | last3 = Dräger | first3 = Andreas
  | last4 = Wanke | first4 = Dierk
  | last5 = Berendzen | first5 = Kenneth W.
  | last6 = Kronfeld | first6 = Marcel
  | last7 = Harter | first7 = Klaus
  | last8 = Zell | first8 = Andreas
  | title = ModuleMaster: A new tool to decipher transcriptional regulatory networks
  | journal = Biosystems
  | volume = 99
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 79–81
  | publisher = Elsevier
  | location = Ireland
  | date = 9 October 2009
  | year = 2010
  | doi = 10.1016/j.biosystems.2009.09.005
  | issn = 0303-2647
  | pmid = 19819296
}}</ref> More sophisticated algorithms for fast database searching with nucleotide as well as amino acid PWMs/PSSMs are implemented in the possumsearch software and are described by Beckstette, ''et al.'' (2006).<ref name="Beckstette2006">{{cite journal |author=Beckstette, M. |title=Fast index based algorithms and software for matching position specific scoring matrices |journal=BMC Bioinformatics |volume=7 |year=2006 |doi=10.1186/1471-2105-7-389 |pmid=16930469 |pages=389 |pmc=1635428 |display-authors=1 |last2=Homann |first2=Robert |last3=Giegerich |first3=Robert |last4=Kurtz |first4=Stefan}}</ref>


where <math>p</math> represents a pixel observed by the sensor, <math>A</math> is a matrix of material reflectance signatures (each signature is a column of the matrix), and <math>x</math> is the proportion of material present in the observed pixel.  This type of model is also referred to as a [[simplex]].
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


With <math>x</math> satisfying the two constraints:
==External links==
1. Abundance Nonnegativty Constraint (ANC) - each element of x is positive.
* [http://www.biodatamining.org/content/2/1/8 3PFDB] &mdash; a database of Best Representative PSSM Profiles (BRPs) of Protein Families generated using a novel data mining approach.
2. Abundance Sum-to-one Constraint (ASC) - the elements of x must sum to one.
* [http://ugene.unipro.ru/ UGENE] &mdash; PSS matrices design, integrated interface to JASPAR, Uniprobe and SITECON databases.


Non-linear mixing results from multiple scattering often due to non-flat surface such as buildings and vegetation.
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}


===Unmixing (Endmember Detection) Algorithms===
[[Category:Bioinformatics]]
[[Category:Evaluation methods]]


There are many algorithms to unmix hyperspectral data each with their own strengths and weaknesses.  Many algorithms assume that pure pixels (pixels which contain only one materials) are present in a scene.
[[fa:ماتریس وزن موقعیت خاص]]
Some algorithms to perform unmixing are listed below:
 
* Pixel Purity Index (PPI) - Works by projecting each pixel onto one vector from a set of random vectors spanning the reflectance space.  A pixel receives a score when it represent an extremum of all the projections.  Pixels with the highest scores are deemed to be spectrally pure.
* NFINDR
* Gift Wrapping Algorithm
* Independent Component Analysis Endmember Extraction Algorithm (ICA-EEA) - Works by assuming that pure pixels occur independently than mixed pixels.  Assumes pure pixels are present.
* Vertex Component Analysis (VCA) - Works on the fact that the affine transformation of a simplex is another simplex which helps to find hidden (folded) verticies of the simplex. Assumes pure pixels are present.
* Principal component analysis -(PCA) could also be used to determine endmembers, projection on principal axes could permit endmember selection [ Smith,Johnson et Adams (1985), Bateson et Curtiss (1996) ]
* Multi Endmembers Spatial Mixture Analysis (MESMA) based on the SMA algorithm
 
* Spectral Phasor Analysis (SPA) based on Fourier transformation of spectra and plotting them on a 2D plot.
Non-linear unmixing algortithm also exist ([[support vector machine]]s (SVM)) or Analytical Neural Network (ANN).
 
Probabilistics methods have also been attempted to unmix pixel through Monte Carlo Unmixing (MCU) algorithm.
 
===Abundance Maps===
 
Once the fundamental materials of a scene are determined, it is often useful to construct an abundance map of each material which displays the fractional amount of material present at each pixel.  Often [[linear programming]] is done to observed ANC and ASC.{{Disambiguation needed|date=February 2013}}
 
==Sensors==
*[[MODIS]] &mdash; on board [[Earth Observing System|EOS]] [[Terra (satellite)|Terra]] and [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] platforms
*[[MERIS]] &mdash; on board [[Envisat]]
*Several commercial manufacturers for laboratory, ground based, aerial, or industrial imaging spectrographs
 
== See also ==
 
* [[Remote sensing]]
* [[Hyperspectral imaging]]
* [[Full Spectral Imaging]]
* [[List of Earth observation satellites]]
* [[Chemical Imaging]]
* [[Imaging spectrometer]]
* [[Microscopy#Infrared microscopy|Infrared Microscopy]]
* [[Phasor approach to fluorescence lifetime and spectral imaging]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Goetz, A.F.H., Vane, G., Solomon, J.E., & Rock, B.N. (1985) Imaging spectrometry for earth remote sensing. Science, 228, 1147.
* Schaepman, M. (2005) Spectrodirectional Imaging: From Pixels to Processes. Inaugural address, Wageningen University, Wageningen (NL).
* Vane, G., Chrisp, M., Emmark, H., Macenka, S., & Solomon, J. (1984) Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spec-trometer ([[AVIRIS]]): An Advanced Tool for Earth Remote Sensing. European Space Agency, (Special Publication) ESA SP, 2, 751.
 
== External links ==
 
* About imaging spectroscopy (USGS): http://speclab.cr.usgs.gov/aboutimsp.html
* Link to resources (OKSI): http://www.techexpo.com/WWW/opto-knowledge/IS_resources.html
* Special Interest Group Imaging Spectroscopy (EARSeL): http://www.op.dlr.de/dais/SIG-IS/SIG-IS.html
* Applications of Spectroscopic and Chemical Imaging in Research: http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/vibrationalspectroscopyandchemicalimaging/research
* Analysis tool for spectral unmixing : http://www.spechron.com
 
[[Category:Spectroscopy]]

Revision as of 20:44, 14 August 2014

29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church. Template:Expert-subject

A position weight matrix (PWM), also called position-specific weight matrix (PSWM) or position-specific scoring matrix (PSSM), is a commonly used representation of motifs (patterns) in biological sequences.[1]

A PWM is a matrix of score values that gives a weighted match to any given substring of fixed length. It has one row for each symbol of the alphabet, and one column for each position in the pattern. The score assigned by a PWM to a substring s=(sj)j=1N is defined as ∑j=1Nmsj,j, where j represents position in the substring, sj is the symbol at position j in the substring, and mα,j is the score in row α, column j of the matrix. In other words, a PWM score is the sum of position-specific scores for each symbol in the substring.

Basic PWM with log-likelihoods

A PWM assumes independence between positions in the pattern, as it calculates scores at each position independently from the symbols at other positions. The score of a substring aligned with a PWM can be interpreted as the log-likelihood of the substring under a product multinomial distribution. Since each column defines log-likelihoods for each of the different symbols, where the sum of likelihoods in a column equals one, the PWM corresponds to a Multinomial distribution. A PWM's score is the sum of log-likelihoods, which corresponds to the product of likelihoods, meaning that the score of a PWM is then a product-multinomial distribution. The PWM scores can also be interpreted in a physical framework as the sum of binding energies for all nucleotides (symbols of the substring) aligned with the PWM.

Incorporating background distribution

Instead of using log-likelihood values in the PWM, as described in the previous paragraph, several methods uses log-odds scores in the PWMs. An element in a PWM is then calculated as mi,j=log(pi,j/bi), where pi,j is the probability of observing symbol i at position j of the motif, and bi is the probability of observing the symbol i in a background model. The PWM score then corresponds to the log-odds of the substring being generated by the motif versus being generated by the background, in a generative model of the sequence.

Information content of a PWM

The information content (IC) of a PWM is sometimes of interest, as it says something about how different a given PWM is from a uniform distribution.

The self-information of observing a particular symbol at a particular position of the motif is:

−log⁡(pi,j)

The expected (average) self-information of a particular element in the PWM is then:

−pi,j⋅log⁡(pi,j)

Finally, the IC of the PWM is then the sum of the expected self-information of every element:

−∑i,jpi,j⋅log⁡(pi,j)

Often, it is more useful to calculate the information content with the background letter frequencies of the sequences you are studying rather than assuming equal probabilities of each letter (e.g., the GC-content of DNA of thermophilic bacteria range from 65.3 to 70.8,[2] thus a motif of ATAT would contain much more information than a motif of CCGG). The equation for information content thus becomes

−∑i,jpi,j⋅log⁡(pi,j/pb)

where pb is the background frequency for that letter. This corresponds to the Kullback-Leibler divergence or relative entropy. However, it has been shown that when using PSSM to search genomic sequences (see below) this uniform correction can lead to overestimation of the importance of the different bases in a motif, due to the uneven distribution of n-mers in real genomes, leading to a significantly larger number of false positives.[3]

Using PWMs

There are various algorithms to scan for hits of PWMs in sequences. One example is the MATCH algorithm[4] which has been implemented in the ModuleMaster.[5] More sophisticated algorithms for fast database searching with nucleotide as well as amino acid PWMs/PSSMs are implemented in the possumsearch software and are described by Beckstette, et al. (2006).[6]

References

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External links

  • 3PFDB — a database of Best Representative PSSM Profiles (BRPs) of Protein Families generated using a novel data mining approach.
  • UGENE — PSS matrices design, integrated interface to JASPAR, Uniprobe and SITECON databases.

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fa:ماتریس وزن موقعیت خاص

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  3. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  4. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  6. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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