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'''Accumulated cyclone energy''' ('''ACE''') is a measure used by the [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) to express the activity of individual [[tropical cyclones]] and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the North [[Atlantic]] [[Atlantic hurricane season|hurricane season]]. It uses an approximation of the wind energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated every six-hour period. The ACE of a season is the sum of the ACEs for each storm and takes into account the number, strength, and duration of all the [[Tropical cyclone|tropical storms]] in the season. In recorded history, the highest ACE worldwide is '''82''', for [[Hurricane Ioke]], in 2006. <ref>{{cite web|author=Mark Saunders, Adam Lea|year=2007|title=Summary of 2006 NW Pacific Typhoon Season and Verification of Authors’ Seasonal Forecasts|publisher=Tropical Storm Risk|accessdate=2013-09-01|url=http://tsr.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/docs/TSRNWP2006Verification.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref>
 
 
==Calculation==
The ACE of a season is calculated by [[Summation|summing]] the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of every active tropical storm (wind speed {{convert|35|kn|km/h}} or higher), at six-hour intervals.  Since the calculation is sensitive to the starting point of the six-hour intervals, the convention is to use 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 [[UTC]].  If any storms of a season happen to cross years, the storm's ACE counts for the previous year.<ref>[http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2005/dis/al302005.discus.030.shtml? Last advisory for T.S. Zeta 2005]</ref> The numbers are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable.  The unit of ACE is 10<sup>4</sup>&nbsp;[[Knot (unit)|kn]]<sup>2</sup>, and for use as an index the unit is assumed.  Thus:
 
: <math>\text{ACE} = 10^{-4} \sum v_\max^2</math>
 
where ''v''<sub>max</sub> is estimated sustained wind speed in [[knot (unit)|knots]].
 
[[Kinetic energy]] is proportional to the square of velocity, and by adding together the energy per some interval of time, the accumulated energy is found. As the duration of a storm increases, more values are summed and the ACE also increases such that longer-duration storms may accumulate a larger ACE than more-powerful storms of lesser duration. Although ACE is a value proportional to the energy of the system, it is not a direct calculation of energy (the mass of the moved air and therefore the size of the storm would show up in a real energy calculation).
 
A related quantity is '''hurricane destruction potential''' ('''HDP'''), which is ACE but only calculated for the time where the system is a hurricane.<ref name="BellEtAl2000">{{cite journal |author=Bell GD, Halpert MS, Schnell RC, ''et al'' |title=Climate Assessment for 1999 |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=81 |issue= 6|page=1328 |year=2000 |doi=10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<1328:CAF>2.3.CO;2 |url=http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520-0477%282000%29081%3C1328%3ACAF%3E2.3.CO%3B2 |format=PDF|bibcode = 2000BAMS...81.1328B }}</ref>
==Atlantic basin ACE==
 
===Categories===
[[Image:Atlantic ace timeseries 1850-2007.jpg|thumb|Atlantic basin cyclone intensity by Accumulated cyclone energy, timeseries 1895-2007]]
A season's ACE is used to categorize the hurricane season by its activity. Measured over the period 1951&ndash;2000 for the Atlantic basin, the [[median]] annual index was 87.5 and the [[Arithmetic mean|mean]] annual index was 93.2. The NOAA categorisation system<ref>[http://www.cpc.noaa.gov/products/outlooks/background_information.shtml Climate Prediction Center — Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season]</ref> divides seasons into:
* ''Above-normal season'': An ACE value above 111 (120% of the 1981–2010 median), provided at least two of the following three parameters are exceeded: number of tropical storms (12), hurricanes (6), and major hurricanes (2).
* ''Near-normal season'': neither above-normal nor below normal
* ''Below-normal season'': An ACE value below 66 (71.4% of the 1981–2010 median), or none of the following three parameters are exceeded: number of tropical storms (9), hurricanes (4), and major hurricanes (1).
 
The term ''hyperactive'' is used by Goldenberg ''et al.'' (2001)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldberg SB, Landsea CW, Mestas-Nuñez AM, Gray WM |title=The Recent Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications |journal=Science |volume=293 |issue=5529 |pages=474–9 |date=July 2001 |doi= 10.1126/science.1060040|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Goldenberg/science01.pdf |quote=[http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/Goldenberg/science-supp01.pdf Supplementary material] |format=PDF |pmid=11463911|bibcode = 2001Sci...293..474G }}</ref> based on a different weighting algorithm<ref>[http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/forecasts/2000/nov2000/index.html Summary of 2000 Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and verification of authors’ seasonal activity prediction.]</ref> which places more weight on major hurricanes, but typically equating to an ACE of about 153 (175% of the 1951–2000 median).  
 
===Individual storms===
The highest ever ACE estimated for a single storm in the Atlantic is '''73.6''', for [[Hurricane San Ciriaco]] in [[1899 Atlantic hurricane season|1899]]. This single storm had an ACE higher than many whole Atlantic storm seasons. Other Atlantic storms with high ACEs include [[Hurricane Ivan]] in [[2004 Atlantic hurricane season|2004]], with an ACE of 70.4, [[Hurricane Donna]] in [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season|1960]], with an ACE of 64.6, [[Hurricane Isabel]] in [[2003 Atlantic hurricane season|2003]] with an ACE of 63.28, and the Great Charleston Hurricane of 1893 with an ACE of 63.5.
 
<!--Commented out:
===ACE index chart for Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1950–2009===
[[Image:Seasonal ace 2009.jpg|512px]]
 
The blue line (with the scale on the left) represents the total Accumulated Cyclone Energy Index for the entire Atlantic season, and the red line (with the scale on the right) is the average ACE per storm for that season.
-->
 
===Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1950–2013===
For the in-progress season, the ACE is preliminary based on National Hurricane Center bulletins, which may later be revised.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!Season!!ACE!![[Tropical cyclone#tropical storm|TS]]!![[Hurricane|HU]]!![[Tropical cyclone scales#Atlantic and East Pacific|MH]]!!Classification
|-
|[[2005 Atlantic hurricane season]]||'''250'''||'''28'''||'''15'''||7||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1950 Atlantic hurricane season]]||243||16||11||'''8'''||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1995 Atlantic hurricane season]]||228||19||11||5||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[2004 Atlantic hurricane season]]||225||15||9||6||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1961 Atlantic hurricane season]]||205||11||8||7||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1955 Atlantic hurricane season]]||199||12||9||6||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1998 Atlantic hurricane season]]||182||14||10||3||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1999 Atlantic hurricane season]]||177||12||8||5||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[2003 Atlantic hurricane season]]||175||16||7||3||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1964 Atlantic hurricane season]]||170||12||6||6||Near normal (''hyperactive'')<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[1996 Atlantic hurricane season]]||166||13||9||6||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[2010 Atlantic hurricane season]]||165||19||12||5||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1969 Atlantic hurricane season]]||158||18||12||5||Above normal (''hyperactive'')
|-
|[[1980 Atlantic hurricane season]]||147||11||9||2||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[1966 Atlantic hurricane season]]||145||11||7||3||Above normal
|-
|[[2008 Atlantic hurricane season]]||144||16||8||5||Above normal
|-
|[[1951 Atlantic hurricane season]]||137||10||8||5||Above normal
|-
|[[1989 Atlantic hurricane season]]||135||11||7||2||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[2012 Atlantic hurricane season]]||133||19||10||2||Above normal
|-
|[[2011 Atlantic hurricane season]]||126||19||7||4||Above normal
|-
|[[1967 Atlantic hurricane season]]||122||8||6||1||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[1958 Atlantic hurricane season]]||121||10||7||5||Above normal
|-
|[[1963 Atlantic hurricane season]]||118||9||7||2||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[2000 Atlantic hurricane season]]||116||15||8||3||Above normal
|-
|[[1954 Atlantic hurricane season]]||113||11||8||2||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
||[[2001 Atlantic hurricane season]]||106||15||9||4||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[1953 Atlantic hurricane season]]||104||14||6||4||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[1988 Atlantic hurricane season]]||103||12||5||3||Near normal<!-- does not EXCEED two of the following three:12-6-2 -->
|-
|[[1971 Atlantic hurricane season]]||97||13||6||1||Near normal
|-
|[[1981 Atlantic hurricane season]]||93||12||7||3||Near normal
|-
|[[1979 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="91.3"|91||9||5||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1990 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="91.2"|91||14||8||1||Near normal
|-
|[[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="88.00"|88||7||4||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1985 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="87.98"|88||11||7||3||Near normal
|-
|[[1952 Atlantic hurricane season]]||87||7||6||3||Near normal
|-
|[[1965 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="84.3"|84||6||4||1||Below normal<!-- none are EXCEEDED:9-4-1 -->
|-
|[[1957 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="83.8"|84||8||3||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1976 Atlantic hurricane season]]||81||10||6||2||Near normal
|-
|[[2006 Atlantic hurricane season]]||79||10||5||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1959 Atlantic hurricane season]]||77||11||7||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1992 Atlantic hurricane season]]||75||7||4||1||Below normal<!-- none are EXCEEDED:9-4-1 -->
|-
|[[1975 Atlantic hurricane season]]||73||9||6||3||Near normal
|-
|[[2007 Atlantic hurricane season]]||72||15||6||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1984 Atlantic hurricane season]]||71||12||5||1||Near normal
|-
|[[2002 Atlantic hurricane season]]||67||12||4||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1978 Atlantic hurricane season]]||62||12||5||2||Below normal
|-
|[[1974 Atlantic hurricane season]]||61||11||4||2||Below normal
|-
|[[1956 Atlantic hurricane season]]||54||8||4||2||Below normal
|-
|[[2009 Atlantic hurricane season]]||53||9||3||2||Below normal
|-
|[[1973 Atlantic hurricane season]]||43||8||4||1||Below normal
|-
|[[1997 Atlantic hurricane season]]||40||7||3||1||Below normal
|-
|[[1993 Atlantic hurricane season]]||39||8||4||1||Below normal
|-
|[[1962 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="35.6"|36||5||3||1||Below normal
|-
|[[1986 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="35.8"|36||6||4||0||Below normal
|-
|[[1968 Atlantic hurricane season]]||35||8||4||0||Below normal
|-
|[[1970 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="34.2"|34||10||5||2||Below normal
|-
|[[1987 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="34.4"|34||7||3||1||Below normal
|-
|[[1991 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="34.0"|34||8||4||2||Below normal
|-
|[[2013 Atlantic hurricane season]]||data-sort-value="34.36"|34||13||2||0||Below normal
|-
|[[1994 Atlantic hurricane season]]||32||7||3||0||Below normal
|-
|[[1982 Atlantic hurricane season]]||29||6||2||1||Below normal
|-
|[[1972 Atlantic hurricane season]]||28||7||3||0||Below normal
|-
|[[1977 Atlantic hurricane season]]||25||6||5||1||Below normal
|-
|[[1983 Atlantic hurricane season]]||17||4||3||1||Below normal
|}
 
==East Pacific ACE==
Accumulated Cyclone Energy is also used in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Data on ACE is considered reliable starting with the [[1971 Pacific hurricane season|1971 season]]. The season with the highest ACE since 1971 is the [[1992 Pacific hurricane season|1992 season]]. The [[1977 Pacific hurricane season|1977 season]] has the lowest ACE. The most recent above-normal season is the [[2006 Pacific hurricane season|2006 season]], the most recent near-normal season is the [[2012 Pacific hurricane season|2012 season]], and the most recent below normal season is the [[2010 Pacific hurricane season|2010 season]].<ref>[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/2005/ann/ace-epac-nov30.png East North Pacific ACE (through 30 Nov. 2005)]</ref> The 35&nbsp;year median 1971&ndash;2005 is 115 x 10<sup>4</sup>kn<sup>2</sup> (100 in the EPAC zone east of 140°W, 13 in the CPAC zone); the mean is 130 (112 + 18).
 
The (unofficial) categorisation of seasons for this table is based ''[[mutatis mutandis]]'' on that used in the Atlantic basin:
* ''Above-normal season'': An ACE value above 135 (117% of the median), provided at least two of the following three parameters exceed the long-term average: number of tropical storms (16), hurricanes (9), and major hurricanes (4).
* ''Near-normal season'': neither above-normal nor below normal
* ''Below-normal season'': An ACE value below 86 (75% of the median)
 
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=PDO.svg|image2=Hist east pac ace trend 1971-2007.gif|width=250|caption1=Observed monthly values for the [[Pacific Decadal Oscillation|PDO]] index, 1900–''present''.|caption2=Historical East Pacific Seasonal Activity, 1971–2007.}}
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!Season!!ACE!!TS!!HU!!MH!!Classification
|-
|[[1992 Pacific hurricane season]]||290||28||16||10||Above normal
|-
|[[1990 Pacific hurricane season]]||249||21||16||6||Above normal
|-
|[[1978 Pacific hurricane season]]||207||19||14||7||Above normal
|-
|[[1983 Pacific hurricane season]]||206||21||12||8||Above normal
|-
|[[1993 Pacific hurricane season]]||201||15||11||9||Above normal
|-
|[[1984 Pacific hurricane season]]||193||21||13||7||Above normal
|-
|[[1985 Pacific hurricane season]]||192||24||13||8||Above normal
|-
|[[1994 Pacific hurricane season]]||185||20||10||5||Above normal
|-
|[[1991 Pacific hurricane season]]||178||14||10||5||Above normal
|-
|[[1997 Pacific hurricane season]]||167||19||9||7||Above normal
|-
|[[1982 Pacific hurricane season]]||161||23||12||5||Above normal
|-
|[[2006 Pacific hurricane season]]||155||19||11||6||Above normal
|-
|[[1971 Pacific hurricane season]]||139||18||12||6||Above normal
|-
|[[1972 Pacific hurricane season]]||136||14||8||4||Near normal
|-
|[[1998 Pacific hurricane season]]||134||13||9||6||Near normal
|-
|[[1987 Pacific hurricane season]]||132||20||10||4||Near normal
|-
|[[1988 Pacific hurricane season]]||127||15||7||3||Near normal
|-
|[[2009 Pacific hurricane season]]||125||20||8||5||Near normal
|-
|[[2002 Pacific hurricane season]]||124||15||8||6||Near normal
|-
|[[1976 Pacific hurricane season]]||121||15||9||5||Near normal
|-
|[[2011 Pacific hurricane season]]||118||11||10||6||Near normal
|-
|[[1973 Pacific hurricane season]]||114||12||7||3||Near normal
|-
|[[1975 Pacific hurricane season]]||112||17||9||4||Near normal
|-
|[[1989 Pacific hurricane season]]||110||17||9||4||Near normal
|-
|[[1986 Pacific hurricane season]]||107||17||9||3||Near normal
|-
|[[1995 Pacific hurricane season]]||100||10||7||3||Near normal
|-
|[[2012 Pacific hurricane season]]||98||17||10||5||Near normal
|-
|[[2005 Pacific hurricane season]]||96||15||7||2||Near normal
|-
|[[2000 Pacific hurricane season]]||95||19||6||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1974 Pacific hurricane season]]||90||18||11||3||Near normal
|-
|[[2001 Pacific hurricane season]]||90||15||8||2||Near normal
|-
|[[1999 Pacific hurricane season]]||90||9||6||2||Near normal
|-
|[[2008 Pacific hurricane season]]||83||15||7||2||Below normal
|-
|[[1980 Pacific hurricane season]]||77||14||7||3||Below normal
|-
|[[1981 Pacific hurricane season]]||72||15||8||1||Below normal
|-
|[[2013 Pacific hurricane season]]||72||20||9||1||Below normal
|-
|[[2004 Pacific hurricane season]]||71||12||6||3||Below normal
|-
|[[1979 Pacific hurricane season]]||57||10||6||4||Below normal
|-
|[[2003 Pacific hurricane season]]||56||16||7||0||Below normal
|-
|[[1996 Pacific hurricane season]]||53||9||5||2||Below normal
|-
|[[2007 Pacific hurricane season]]||52||11||4||1||Below normal
|-
|[[2010 Pacific hurricane season]]||49||8||3||2||Below normal
|-
|[[1977 Pacific hurricane season]]||22||8||4||0||Below normal
|}
 
== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[List of Atlantic hurricane seasons]]
* [[List of Pacific hurricane seasons]]
 
==References==
<div class="references-small">
<!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php -->
{{Reflist}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E11.html NOAA ACE by year from 1851]
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2004/ann/atlantic-2004-ace.html National Climatic Data Center — Atlantic Basin 2004 Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index]
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/research/2005/2005-atlantic-trop-cyclones.html National Climatic Data Center — Atlantic Basin 2005 Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) Index]
* [http://tsr.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/docs/TSRNWP2004Verification.pdf 2004 Pacific NW Typhoon Season ACE pdf]
* [http://www.atmos.albany.edu/student/carl/index.html Global Tropical Cyclone Best Track Database]
* [http://acd.ucar.edu/~drews/hurricane/ Hurricane Metrics]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Accumulated Cyclone Energy}}
[[Category:Tropical cyclone meteorology]]

Revision as of 09:08, 4 February 2014

Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is a measure used by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to express the activity of individual tropical cyclones and entire tropical cyclone seasons, particularly the North Atlantic hurricane season. It uses an approximation of the wind energy used by a tropical system over its lifetime and is calculated every six-hour period. The ACE of a season is the sum of the ACEs for each storm and takes into account the number, strength, and duration of all the tropical storms in the season. In recorded history, the highest ACE worldwide is 82, for Hurricane Ioke, in 2006. [1]


Calculation

The ACE of a season is calculated by summing the squares of the estimated maximum sustained velocity of every active tropical storm (wind speed Template:Convert or higher), at six-hour intervals. Since the calculation is sensitive to the starting point of the six-hour intervals, the convention is to use 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 UTC. If any storms of a season happen to cross years, the storm's ACE counts for the previous year.[2] The numbers are usually divided by 10,000 to make them more manageable. The unit of ACE is 104 kn2, and for use as an index the unit is assumed. Thus:

where vmax is estimated sustained wind speed in knots.

Kinetic energy is proportional to the square of velocity, and by adding together the energy per some interval of time, the accumulated energy is found. As the duration of a storm increases, more values are summed and the ACE also increases such that longer-duration storms may accumulate a larger ACE than more-powerful storms of lesser duration. Although ACE is a value proportional to the energy of the system, it is not a direct calculation of energy (the mass of the moved air and therefore the size of the storm would show up in a real energy calculation).

A related quantity is hurricane destruction potential (HDP), which is ACE but only calculated for the time where the system is a hurricane.[3]

Atlantic basin ACE

Categories

File:Atlantic ace timeseries 1850-2007.jpg
Atlantic basin cyclone intensity by Accumulated cyclone energy, timeseries 1895-2007

A season's ACE is used to categorize the hurricane season by its activity. Measured over the period 1951–2000 for the Atlantic basin, the median annual index was 87.5 and the mean annual index was 93.2. The NOAA categorisation system[4] divides seasons into:

  • Above-normal season: An ACE value above 111 (120% of the 1981–2010 median), provided at least two of the following three parameters are exceeded: number of tropical storms (12), hurricanes (6), and major hurricanes (2).
  • Near-normal season: neither above-normal nor below normal
  • Below-normal season: An ACE value below 66 (71.4% of the 1981–2010 median), or none of the following three parameters are exceeded: number of tropical storms (9), hurricanes (4), and major hurricanes (1).

The term hyperactive is used by Goldenberg et al. (2001)[5] based on a different weighting algorithm[6] which places more weight on major hurricanes, but typically equating to an ACE of about 153 (175% of the 1951–2000 median).

Individual storms

The highest ever ACE estimated for a single storm in the Atlantic is 73.6, for Hurricane San Ciriaco in 1899. This single storm had an ACE higher than many whole Atlantic storm seasons. Other Atlantic storms with high ACEs include Hurricane Ivan in 2004, with an ACE of 70.4, Hurricane Donna in 1960, with an ACE of 64.6, Hurricane Isabel in 2003 with an ACE of 63.28, and the Great Charleston Hurricane of 1893 with an ACE of 63.5.


Atlantic hurricane seasons, 1950–2013

For the in-progress season, the ACE is preliminary based on National Hurricane Center bulletins, which may later be revised.

Season ACE TS HU MH Classification
2005 Atlantic hurricane season 250 28 15 7 Above normal (hyperactive)
1950 Atlantic hurricane season 243 16 11 8 Above normal (hyperactive)
1995 Atlantic hurricane season 228 19 11 5 Above normal (hyperactive)
2004 Atlantic hurricane season 225 15 9 6 Above normal (hyperactive)
1961 Atlantic hurricane season 205 11 8 7 Above normal (hyperactive)
1955 Atlantic hurricane season 199 12 9 6 Above normal (hyperactive)
1998 Atlantic hurricane season 182 14 10 3 Above normal (hyperactive)
1999 Atlantic hurricane season 177 12 8 5 Above normal (hyperactive)
2003 Atlantic hurricane season 175 16 7 3 Above normal (hyperactive)
1964 Atlantic hurricane season 170 12 6 6 Near normal (hyperactive)
1996 Atlantic hurricane season 166 13 9 6 Above normal (hyperactive)
2010 Atlantic hurricane season 165 19 12 5 Above normal (hyperactive)
1969 Atlantic hurricane season 158 18 12 5 Above normal (hyperactive)
1980 Atlantic hurricane season 147 11 9 2 Near normal
1966 Atlantic hurricane season 145 11 7 3 Above normal
2008 Atlantic hurricane season 144 16 8 5 Above normal
1951 Atlantic hurricane season 137 10 8 5 Above normal
1989 Atlantic hurricane season 135 11 7 2 Near normal
2012 Atlantic hurricane season 133 19 10 2 Above normal
2011 Atlantic hurricane season 126 19 7 4 Above normal
1967 Atlantic hurricane season 122 8 6 1 Near normal
1958 Atlantic hurricane season 121 10 7 5 Above normal
1963 Atlantic hurricane season 118 9 7 2 Near normal
2000 Atlantic hurricane season 116 15 8 3 Above normal
1954 Atlantic hurricane season 113 11 8 2 Near normal
2001 Atlantic hurricane season 106 15 9 4 Near normal
1953 Atlantic hurricane season 104 14 6 4 Near normal
1988 Atlantic hurricane season 103 12 5 3 Near normal
1971 Atlantic hurricane season 97 13 6 1 Near normal
1981 Atlantic hurricane season 93 12 7 3 Near normal
1979 Atlantic hurricane season 91 9 5 2 Near normal
1990 Atlantic hurricane season 91 14 8 1 Near normal
1960 Atlantic hurricane season 88 7 4 2 Near normal
1985 Atlantic hurricane season 88 11 7 3 Near normal
1952 Atlantic hurricane season 87 7 6 3 Near normal
1965 Atlantic hurricane season 84 6 4 1 Below normal
1957 Atlantic hurricane season 84 8 3 2 Near normal
1976 Atlantic hurricane season 81 10 6 2 Near normal
2006 Atlantic hurricane season 79 10 5 2 Near normal
1959 Atlantic hurricane season 77 11 7 2 Near normal
1992 Atlantic hurricane season 75 7 4 1 Below normal
1975 Atlantic hurricane season 73 9 6 3 Near normal
2007 Atlantic hurricane season 72 15 6 2 Near normal
1984 Atlantic hurricane season 71 12 5 1 Near normal
2002 Atlantic hurricane season 67 12 4 2 Near normal
1978 Atlantic hurricane season 62 12 5 2 Below normal
1974 Atlantic hurricane season 61 11 4 2 Below normal
1956 Atlantic hurricane season 54 8 4 2 Below normal
2009 Atlantic hurricane season 53 9 3 2 Below normal
1973 Atlantic hurricane season 43 8 4 1 Below normal
1997 Atlantic hurricane season 40 7 3 1 Below normal
1993 Atlantic hurricane season 39 8 4 1 Below normal
1962 Atlantic hurricane season 36 5 3 1 Below normal
1986 Atlantic hurricane season 36 6 4 0 Below normal
1968 Atlantic hurricane season 35 8 4 0 Below normal
1970 Atlantic hurricane season 34 10 5 2 Below normal
1987 Atlantic hurricane season 34 7 3 1 Below normal
1991 Atlantic hurricane season 34 8 4 2 Below normal
2013 Atlantic hurricane season 34 13 2 0 Below normal
1994 Atlantic hurricane season 32 7 3 0 Below normal
1982 Atlantic hurricane season 29 6 2 1 Below normal
1972 Atlantic hurricane season 28 7 3 0 Below normal
1977 Atlantic hurricane season 25 6 5 1 Below normal
1983 Atlantic hurricane season 17 4 3 1 Below normal

East Pacific ACE

Accumulated Cyclone Energy is also used in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. Data on ACE is considered reliable starting with the 1971 season. The season with the highest ACE since 1971 is the 1992 season. The 1977 season has the lowest ACE. The most recent above-normal season is the 2006 season, the most recent near-normal season is the 2012 season, and the most recent below normal season is the 2010 season.[7] The 35 year median 1971–2005 is 115 x 104kn2 (100 in the EPAC zone east of 140°W, 13 in the CPAC zone); the mean is 130 (112 + 18).

The (unofficial) categorisation of seasons for this table is based mutatis mutandis on that used in the Atlantic basin:

  • Above-normal season: An ACE value above 135 (117% of the median), provided at least two of the following three parameters exceed the long-term average: number of tropical storms (16), hurricanes (9), and major hurricanes (4).
  • Near-normal season: neither above-normal nor below normal
  • Below-normal season: An ACE value below 86 (75% of the median)

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After obtaining a Sale License (topic to authorities circumstances meant to guard individuals shopping for property in Singapore), he might www.rmmonline.com proceed to sell units in his growth. Funding in the property market of Singapore is likely one of the few investment choices the place utilizing the bank's cash could not be any easier. The power of expats, to make a down payment, leverage the capital and consequently improve total return on investment, is excessive in Singapore. PRs who own a HDB flat must sell their flat inside six months of buying a non-public residential property in Singapore. EVERLASTING residents (PRs) now face unprecedented limits on their skill to purchase property in Singapore. New Condo in 2013 March Foreigners are eligible for Singapore greenback mortgage loan. housing grant

Skilled property brokers in Singapore will assist the client and defend their interests throughout the acquisition, and will help safe the provide at the best possible price. The agents may even be sure that all paperwork are in order and that the vendor is the rightful proprietor of the property. Most of the property brokers share their databases with each other. Tuesday's measures come after the Monetary Authority of Singapore in June tightened rules on property loans, and closed loopholes that allowed some householders to circumvent loan restrictions and avoid paying levies when buying extra property. Contact us for a FREE housing loan analysis and to study concerning the newest mortgage to worth on Singapore housing loans. J Gateway Condominium (Bought Out) Oct, 2013

6. Completion of automotive park, roads and drains serving the housing project 5% 7. Notice of Vacant Possession (Upon obtaining Temporary Occupation Permit) The estimates given by SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator are not quotations and are usually not binding in any way on SingaporeHousingLoan.sg or the consumer. The method of calculation does not exactly mirror that of which is being used by the individual monetary establishment and the data provided should be used as a information only. SingaporeHousingLoan.SG's calculator does not pre-qualify you for any housing loan from any monetary institution. Undercover Report Finds Unlawful Rat Meat Sold In London Market Unpasteurized Tempeh Linked To Salmonella Outbreak That Sickens 60 Hottest EC Launch in Sengkang!

BuyRentSingaporeProperty.com is dedicated in providing the newest residential launches, Developer's sales, new launches, resale, HIGH tasks and rental of properties in Singapore. Then there are new launch property condos in the mid-tier range. These are sometimes in the vicinity of the city fringe, in areas corresponding to Newton and Novena Tanjong Rhu. These new launch projects are popular due to their proximity to town heart, the place the enterprise and entertainment centers and all the amenities they provide, but they're usually cheaper than the City core region tasks. Why submit cheques to register for new property launches in Singapore? Riversails Apartment @ Higher Serangoon LakeVille @ Jurong Lakeside Condo by MCL Ferra Condo @ Leonie Hill

Season ACE TS HU MH Classification
1992 Pacific hurricane season 290 28 16 10 Above normal
1990 Pacific hurricane season 249 21 16 6 Above normal
1978 Pacific hurricane season 207 19 14 7 Above normal
1983 Pacific hurricane season 206 21 12 8 Above normal
1993 Pacific hurricane season 201 15 11 9 Above normal
1984 Pacific hurricane season 193 21 13 7 Above normal
1985 Pacific hurricane season 192 24 13 8 Above normal
1994 Pacific hurricane season 185 20 10 5 Above normal
1991 Pacific hurricane season 178 14 10 5 Above normal
1997 Pacific hurricane season 167 19 9 7 Above normal
1982 Pacific hurricane season 161 23 12 5 Above normal
2006 Pacific hurricane season 155 19 11 6 Above normal
1971 Pacific hurricane season 139 18 12 6 Above normal
1972 Pacific hurricane season 136 14 8 4 Near normal
1998 Pacific hurricane season 134 13 9 6 Near normal
1987 Pacific hurricane season 132 20 10 4 Near normal
1988 Pacific hurricane season 127 15 7 3 Near normal
2009 Pacific hurricane season 125 20 8 5 Near normal
2002 Pacific hurricane season 124 15 8 6 Near normal
1976 Pacific hurricane season 121 15 9 5 Near normal
2011 Pacific hurricane season 118 11 10 6 Near normal
1973 Pacific hurricane season 114 12 7 3 Near normal
1975 Pacific hurricane season 112 17 9 4 Near normal
1989 Pacific hurricane season 110 17 9 4 Near normal
1986 Pacific hurricane season 107 17 9 3 Near normal
1995 Pacific hurricane season 100 10 7 3 Near normal
2012 Pacific hurricane season 98 17 10 5 Near normal
2005 Pacific hurricane season 96 15 7 2 Near normal
2000 Pacific hurricane season 95 19 6 2 Near normal
1974 Pacific hurricane season 90 18 11 3 Near normal
2001 Pacific hurricane season 90 15 8 2 Near normal
1999 Pacific hurricane season 90 9 6 2 Near normal
2008 Pacific hurricane season 83 15 7 2 Below normal
1980 Pacific hurricane season 77 14 7 3 Below normal
1981 Pacific hurricane season 72 15 8 1 Below normal
2013 Pacific hurricane season 72 20 9 1 Below normal
2004 Pacific hurricane season 71 12 6 3 Below normal
1979 Pacific hurricane season 57 10 6 4 Below normal
2003 Pacific hurricane season 56 16 7 0 Below normal
1996 Pacific hurricane season 53 9 5 2 Below normal
2007 Pacific hurricane season 52 11 4 1 Below normal
2010 Pacific hurricane season 49 8 3 2 Below normal
1977 Pacific hurricane season 22 8 4 0 Below normal

See also

Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

External links

  1. ↑ Template:Cite web
  2. ↑ Last advisory for T.S. Zeta 2005
  3. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  4. ↑ Climate Prediction Center — Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season
  5. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  6. ↑ Summary of 2000 Atlantic tropical cyclone activity and verification of authors’ seasonal activity prediction.
  7. ↑ East North Pacific ACE (through 30 Nov. 2005)
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