Fractional supersymmetry
MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference flow model, which is a computer code that solves the groundwater flow equation. The program is used by hydrogeologists to simulate the flow of groundwater through aquifers. The code is public domain free software, written primarily in Fortran, and can compile and run on Microsoft Windows or Unix-like operating systems.
Since its original development in the early 1980s,[1] the USGS have released four major releases, and is now considered to be the de facto standard code for aquifer simulation. There are several actively developed commercial and non-commercial graphical user interfaces for MODFLOW.
Groundwater flow equation
The governing partial differential equation for a confined aquifer used in MODFLOW is:
where
- , and are the values of hydraulic conductivity along the x, y, and z coordinate axes (L/T)
- is the potentiometric head (L)
- is a volumetric flux per unit volume representing sources and/or sinks of water, where negative values are extractions, and positive values are injections (T−1)
- is the specific storage of the porous material (L−1); and
- is time (T)
Finite difference
The finite difference form of the partial differential in a discretized aquifer domain (represented using rows, columns and layers) is:
where
- is the hydraulic head at cell i,j,k at time step m
- CV, CR and CC are the hydraulic conductances, or branch conductances between node i,j,k and a neighboring node
- is the sum of coefficients of head from source and sink terms
- is the sum of constants from source and sink terms, where is flow out of the groundwater system (such as pumping) and is flow in (such as injection)
- is the specific storage
- are the dimensions of cell i,j,k, which, when multiplied, represent the volume of the cell; and
- is the time at time step m
This equation is formulated into a system of equations to be solved as:
where
or in matrix form as:
where
- A is a matrix of the coefficients of head for all active nodes in the grid
- is a vector of head values at the end of time step m for all nodes in the grid; and
- is a vector of the constant terms, RHS, for all nodes of the grid.
Limitations
- The water must have a constant density, dynamic viscosity (and consequently temperature) throughout the modelling domain (SEAWAT is a modified version of MODFLOW which is designed for density-dependent groundwater flow and transport)
- The principal components of anisotropy of the hydraulic conductivity used in MODFLOW is displayed on the right. This tensor does not allow non-orthogonal anisotropies, as could be expected from flow in fractures. Horizontal anisotropy for an entire layer can be represented by the coefficient "TRPY" (Data Item 3 Page 153.[2]
Versions
"Modular Model"
The USGS throughout the 1970s had developed several hundred models, written in different dialects of FORTRAN. At the time, it was common practice to rewrite a new model to fit the need of a new groundwater scenario. The concept for MODFLOW was originally designed in 1981 to provide a common modular groundwater model, which could be compiled on multiple platforms without major (or any) modification, and can read and write common formats. Different aspects of the groundwater system would be handled using the modules, similar to the idea of a "component stereo system". The original name of the code was "The USGS Modular Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Ground-Water Flow Model", or informally as "The Modular Model." The name MODFLOW was coined several years after the initial code development, which started in 1981.[1]
The first version of MODFLOW[2] was published on December 28, 1983, and was coded entirely in FORTRAN 66. The source code for this version is listed in USGS Open File Report 83-875 referred to above.
MODFLOW-88
This version of MODFLOW[3] was rewritten in FORTRAN 77, and was originally released on July 24, 1987. The current version of MODFLOW-88 is 2.6, released on September 20, 1996.
MODPATH, was initially developed in 1989 to post-process the steady-state MODFLOW-88 data to determine three-dimensional pathlines of particles. This innovation has been indispensable for the fields of contaminant hydrogeology. It is still used as a post-processor in recent versions of MODFLOW.
A separate program, MODFLOWP, was developed in 1992 to estimate various parameters used in MODFLOW. This program was eventually built into MODFLOW-2000.
MODFLOW-96
MODFLOW-96 (version 3.0) was originally released on December 3, 1996, and is a cleaned-up and revised continuation of MODFLOW-88.[4][5] There are three final releases of MODFLOW-96:
- MODFLOW-96 (version 3.3, May 2, 2000)
- MODFLOW-96h (version 3.3h, July 10, 2000), with HYDMOD package
- MODFLOWP (version 3.2, Oct 9, 1997), MODFLOW-96 with parameter-estimation
Several graphical interfaces were first developed using the MODFLOW-96 code.
MODFLOW-2000
MODFLOW-2000 (version 1.0; version numbering was reset) was released on July 20, 2000, which merged MODFLOWP and HYDMOD codes into the main program.[6] Many new packages and enhancements were also included, including new solvers, stream and saturated flow packages. The internal design concepts also changed from previous versions, such that packages, processes and modules are distinct. This version was coded in a mixture of FORTRAN 77, Fortran 90, and C. MODFLOW-2000 can also be compiled for parallel computing, which can allow multiple processors to be used to increase model complexity and/or reduce simulation time.
The final version of MODFLOW-2000 (or MF2K) is version 1.19.01, released on March 25, 2010. There are four related or branched codes based on MODFLOW-2000:
- MF2K-GWM or GWM-2000 (version 1.1.4, May 31, 2011, branched from mf2k 1.17.2), with groundwater management capability using optimization
- MF2K-FMP (version 1.00, May 19, 2006, based on mf2k 1.15.03), with Farm Process
- MF2K-GWT (version 1.9.8, October 28, 2008, based on MF2K 1.17.02), groundwater flow and solute-transport model
- SEAWAT (version 4.00.05, October 19, 2012), variable-density flow and transport processes
- VSF (version 1.01, July 5, 2006), variably saturated flow
MODFLOW-2005
This is the current version of MODFLOW.[7] It is written primarily in Fortran 90 and C.
The current version of MODFLOW-2005 is version 1.11.00, released on Aug. 8, 2013. Related or branched codes include:
- MODFLOW-CFP (version 1.8.00, February 23, 2011), conduit flow process to simulate turbulent or laminar groundwater flow conditions
- MODFLOW-LGR (version 1.2, May 18, 2010), local grid refinement
- GWM-2005 (version 1.4.2, March 25, 2013), groundwater management capability using optimization
- MF2005-FMP2 (version 1.0.00, October 28, 2009), estimate dynamically integrated supply-and-demand components of irrigated agriculture as part of the simulation of surface-water and ground-water flow
- MODFLOW-NWT (version 1.0.7, January 15, 2013), Newton formulation for solving problems involving drying and rewetting nonlinearities of the unconfined groundwater-flow equation
Packages
Name | Long name | Version introduced |
---|---|---|
Required packages | ||
BAS | Basic Package | original |
DIS | Discretization | MODFLOW-2000 (1.0) |
OC | Output Control | original |
Groundwater flow packages | ||
BCF | Block-Centered Flow Package | original |
LPF | Layer-Property Flow Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.0) |
HUF | Hydrogeologic Unit Flow Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.1) |
HFB | Horizontal Flow Barrier Package | MODFLOW-88 |
SWI2 | Seawater Intrusion Package | MODFLOW-2005 (1.11) |
UPW | Upstream Weighting Package | MODFLOW-NWT (1.0) |
UZF | Unsaturated-Zone Flow Package | MODFLOW-2005 (1.2) |
Specified Head boundary packages | ||
CHD | Constant-Head Boundary / Time-Variant Specified-Head | MODFLOW-88 |
FHB | Flow and Head Boundary Package | MODFLOW-96 (3.2) |
Specified flux boundary packages | ||
FHB | Flow and Head Boundary Package | MODFLOW-96 (3.2) |
RCH | Recharge Package | original |
WEL | Well Package | original |
Head-dependent flux boundary packages | ||
DAF | DAFLOW | MODFLOW-2000 (1.11) |
DRN | Drain Package | original |
DRT | Drain Return Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.1) |
ETS | Evapotranspiration Segments Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.1) |
EVT | Evapotranspiration Package | original |
GHB | General-Head Boundary Package | original |
LAK | Lake Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.1) |
MNW | Multi-Node, Drawdown-Limited Well Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.11) |
RES | Reservoir Package | MODFLOW-88 (2.6) |
RIV | River Package | original |
SFR | Streamflow-Routing Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.14.00) |
STR | Stream Package | MODFLOW-88 |
SWR | Surface-Water Routing Process | MODFLOW-NWT 1.08 |
UZF | Unsaturated-Zone Flow Package | MODFLOW-2005 (1.2) |
Solvers | ||
DE4 | Direct Solver Package | MODFLOW-88 (2.5) |
GMG | Geometric Multigrid Solver | MODFLOW-2000 (1.15.00) |
LMG | Link-AMG Package | MODFLOW-2000 (1.4) Template:R |
NWT | Newton | MODFLOW-NWT (1.0) |
PCG | Preconditioned Conjugate-Gradient Package | MODFLOW-88 |
PCGN | Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Solver with Improved Nonlinear Control | MODFLOW-2005 (1.9.0) |
SIP | Strongly Implicit Procedure Package | original |
SOR | Slice Successive Over-Relaxation Package | original |
Miscellaneous packages | ||
GAG | Gage | MODFLOW-2000 |
HYD | HYDMOD | MODFLOW-2000 (1.1) |
IBS | Interbed-Storage | MODFLOW-88 |
KDEP | Hydraulic-Conductivity Depth-Dependence Capability | MODFLOW-2000 (1.12) |
LMT | Link-MT3DMS | MODFLOW-2000 (1.5) |
LVDA | Model-Layer Variable-Direction Horizontal Anisotropy Capability | MODFLOW-2000 (1.12) |
SUB | Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction | MODFLOW-2000 (1.12) |
SWT | Subsidence and Aquifer-System Compaction Package for Water-Table Aquifers | MODFLOW-2000 (1.18) |
UTL | Utility | original |
Observation process input files | ||
OBS | Input File For All Observations | MODFLOW-2000 |
HOB | Head-Observation | MODFLOW-2000 |
DROB | Drain Observation | MODFLOW-2000 |
DTOB | Drain Return Observation | MODFLOW-2000 |
RVOB | River Observation | MODFLOW-2000 |
GBOB | General-Head-Boundary Observation | MODFLOW-2000 |
CHOB | Constant-Head Flow Observation | MODFLOW-2000 |
ADV | Advective-Transport Observation | MODFLOW-2000 (1.0) |
STOB | Stream Observation | MODFLOW-2000 |
Obsolete packages | ||
GFD | General Finite-Difference | MODFLOW-88 to 96 |
TLK | Transient Leakage | MODFLOW-88 to 96 |
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Graphical user interfaces
There are several graphical interfaces to MODFLOW, which often include the compiled MODFLOW code with modifications. These programs aid the input of data for creating MODFLOW models.
Non-commercial interfaces
Non-commercial MODFLOW versions are free, however, their licensing usually limit the use to non-profit educational or research purposes.
- MODFLOW-GUI – Made by the USGS: it is updated often to match the current USGS MODFLOW development. It supports MODFLOW-96, MODFLOW-2000, MODFLOW-2005, MODPATH, ZONEBUDGET, GWT, MT3DMS, SEAWAT, and GWM. Source code for MODFLOW-GUI is included. It depends on Argus ONE: a commercial interface for constructing generic models. There are no license restrictions beyond those of Argus ONE.
- PMWIN – "Processing MODFLOW" (for Windows) – powerful freeware for MODFLOW processing and visualization, provided alongside an instructional book;[8] also available in Traditional Chinese. The license for this version is limited to non-commercial use.
- ModelMuse is a grid-independent graphical user interface from the USGS for MODFLOW-2005, MODPATH, and PHAST. There are no license restrictions. The source code is included.
- mflab - mflab is a MATLAB interface to MODFLOW. The user builds and analyzes models by writing a set of MATLAB scripts. This results in flexible and efficient workflows, allowing a great deal of automation.
Commercial programs
Commercial MODFLOW programs are typically used by governments and consultants for practical applications of MODFLOW to real-world groundwater problems. Professional versions of MODFLOW are generally priced at a minimum of around $1000 and typically range upward to $7000 USD. This is a list of commercial programs for MODFLOW:
- GMS – Groundwater Modeling System
- Groundwater Vistas
- Processing Modflow
- Visual MODFLOW
All current versions of these programs run only on Microsoft Windows, however previous versions of GMS (up to Version 3.1) were compiled for several Unix platforms.
Former graphical interfaces
- Graphic Groundwater – Windows-based interface
- ModelCad – A Windows-based interface, developed by Geraghty and Miller, Inc.
- ModIME – A DOS-based interface by S.S. Papadopulos & Associates, Inc.
Other Commonly Used Groundwater Models
References
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