Anderson orthogonality theorem

In mathematics, the bounded inverse theorem is a result in the theory of bounded linear operators on Banach spaces. It states that a bijective bounded linear operator T from one Banach space to another has bounded inverse T⁻¹. It is equivalent to both the open mapping theorem and the closed graph theorem.

It is necessary that the spaces in question be Banach spaces. For example, consider the space X of sequences x : N → R with only finitely many non-zero terms equipped with the supremum norm. The map T : X → X defined by

$Tx=(x_1,\frac{x_2}{2},\frac{x_3}{3},\dots )$

is bounded, linear and invertible, but T⁻¹ is unbounded. This does not contradict the bounded inverse theorem since X is not complete, and thus is not a Banach space. To see that it's not complete, consider the sequence of sequences x⁽ⁿ⁾ ∈ X given by

$x^{(n)}=(1,\frac{1}{2},\dots ,\frac{1}{n},0,0,\dots )$

converges as n → ∞ to the sequence x^(∞) given by

$x^{(\mathrm{\infty })}=(1,\frac{1}{2},\dots ,\frac{1}{n},\dots ),$

which has all its terms non-zero, and so does not lie in X.

The completion of X is the space $c_0$ of all sequences that converge to zero, which is a (closed) subspace of the ℓ_p space ℓ_∞(N), which is the space of all bounded sequences. However, in this case, the map T is not onto, and thus not a bijection. To see this, one need simply note that the sequence

$x=(1,\frac{1}{2},\frac{1}{3},\dots ),$

is an element of $c_0$, but is not in the range of $T:c_0\to c_0$.

References

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