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| {{dablink|This article is concerned with pullback operations in differential geometry, in particular, the pullback of [[differential form]]s and [[tensor (intrinsic definition)|tensor fields]] on [[smooth manifold]]s. For other uses of the term in [[mathematics]], see [[pullback]].}}
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| Suppose that ''φ'':''M''→ ''N'' is a [[smooth map]] between smooth manifolds ''M'' and ''N''; then there is an associated [[linear map]] from the space of 1-forms on ''N'' (the [[linear space]] of [[section (fiber bundle)|sections]] of the [[cotangent bundle]]) to the space of 1-forms on ''M''. This linear map is known as the pullback (by ''φ''), and is frequently denoted by ''φ''<sup>*</sup>. More generally, any [[Covariance and contravariance of vectors|covariant]] tensor field – in particular any differential form – on ''N'' may be pulled back to ''M'' using ''φ''.
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| When the map ''φ'' is a [[diffeomorphism]], then the pullback, together with the [[pushforward (differential)|pushforward]], can be used to transform any tensor field from ''N'' to ''M'' or vice-versa. In particular, if ''φ'' is a diffeomorphism between open subsets of '''R'''<sup>n</sup> and '''R'''<sup>n</sup>, viewed as a [[change of coordinates]] (perhaps between different [[manifold|charts]] on a manifold ''M''), then the pullback and pushforward describe the transformation properties of [[Covariance and contravariance of vectors|covariant and contravariant]] tensors used in more traditional (coordinate dependent) approaches to the subject.
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| The idea behind the pullback is essentially the notion of [[pullback|precomposition]] of one function with another. However, by combining this idea in several different contexts, quite elaborate pullback operations can be constructed. This article begins with the simplest operations, then uses them to construct more sophisticated ones. Roughly speaking, the pullback mechanism (using precomposition) turns several constructions in differential geometry into contravariant functors.
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| ==Pullback of smooth functions and smooth maps==
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| Let φ:''M''→ ''N'' be a smooth map between (smooth) manifolds ''M'' and ''N'', and suppose ''f'':''N''→'''R''' is a smooth function on ''N''. Then the '''pullback''' of ''f'' by φ is the smooth function φ<sup>*</sup>''f'' on ''M'' defined by
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| (φ<sup>*</sup>''f'')(''x'') = ''f''(φ(''x'')). Similarly, if ''f'' is a smooth function on an [[open set]] ''U'' in ''N'', then the same formula defines a smooth function on the open set ''φ''<sup>-1</sup>(''U'') in ''M''. (In the language of [[sheaf (mathematics)|sheaves]], pullback defines a morphism from the [[sheaf of smooth functions]] on ''N'' to the [[direct image sheaf|direct image]] by φ of the sheaf of smooth functions on ''M''.)
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| More generally, if ''f'':''N''→''A'' is a smooth map from ''N'' to any other manifold ''A'', then φ<sup>*</sup>''f''(''x'')=''f''(φ(''x'')) is a smooth map from ''M'' to ''A''.
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| ==Pullback of bundles and sections==
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| If ''E'' is a [[vector bundle]] (or indeed any [[fiber bundle]]) over ''N'' and ''φ'':''M''→''N'' is a smooth map, then the '''[[pullback bundle]]''' ''φ''<sup>*</sup>''E'' is a vector bundle (or [[fiber bundle]]) over ''M'' whose [[fiber (mathematics)|fiber]] over ''x'' in ''M'' is given by (''φ''<sup>*</sup>''E'')<sub>''x''</sub> = ''E''<sub>''φ''(''x'')</sub>.
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| In this situation, precomposition defines a pullback operation on sections of ''E'': if ''s'' is a [[section (fiber bundle)|section]] of ''E'' over ''N'', then the '''[[pullback bundle|pullback section]]''' <math>\varphi^*s=s\circ\varphi</math> is a section of ''φ''<sup>*</sup>''E'' over ''M''.
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| ==Pullback of multilinear forms==
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| Let Φ:''V''→ ''W'' be a [[linear map]] between vector spaces ''V'' and ''W'' (i.e., Φ is an element of ''L''(''V'',''W''), also denoted Hom(''V'',''W'')), and let
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| :<math>F:W \times W \times \cdots \times W \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math>
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| be a multilinear form on ''W'' (also known as a [[tensor]] — not to be confused with a tensor field — of rank (0,''s''), where ''s'' is the number of factors of ''W'' in the product). Then the pullback Φ<sup>*</sup>''F'' of ''F'' by Φ is a multilinear form on ''V'' defined by precomposing ''F'' with Φ. More precisely, given vectors ''v''<sub>1</sub>,''v''<sub>2</sub>,...,''v''<sub>''s''</sub> in ''V'', Φ<sup>*</sup>''F'' is defined by the formula
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| :<math>(\Phi^*F)(v_1,v_2,\ldots,v_s) = F(\Phi(v_1), \Phi(v_2), \ldots ,\Phi(v_s)),</math>
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| which is a multilinear form on ''V''. Hence Φ<sup>*</sup> is a (linear) operator from multilinear forms on ''W'' to multilinear forms on ''V''. As a special case, note that if ''F'' is a linear form (or (0,1) -tensor) on ''W'', so that ''F'' is an element of ''W''<sup>*</sup>, the [[dual space]] of ''W'', then Φ<sup>*</sup>''F'' is an element of ''V''<sup>*</sup>, and so pullback by Φ defines a linear map between dual spaces which acts in the opposite direction to the linear map Φ itself:
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| :<math>\Phi\colon V\rightarrow W, \qquad \Phi^*\colon W^*\rightarrow V^*.</math>
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| From a tensorial point of view, it is natural to try to extend the notion of pullback to tensors of arbitrary rank, i.e., to multilinear maps on ''W''
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| taking values in a [[tensor product]] <math> W\otimes W\otimes\cdots\otimes W</math> of ''r'' copies of ''W''. However, elements of such a tensor product do not pull back naturally: instead there is a pushforward operation from <math> V\otimes V\otimes\cdots\otimes V</math> to <math> W\otimes W\otimes\cdots\otimes W</math> given by
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| :<math>\Phi_*(v_1\otimes v_2\otimes\cdots\otimes v_r)=\Phi(v_1)\otimes \Phi(v_2)\otimes\cdots\otimes \Phi(v_r).</math>
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| Nevertheless, it follows from this that if Φ is invertible, pullback can be defined using pushforward by the inverse function Φ<sup>-1</sup>. Combining these two constructions yields a pushforward operation, along an invertible linear map, for tensors of any rank (''r'',''s'').
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| ==Pullback of cotangent vectors and 1-forms==
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| Let ''φ'' : ''M'' → ''N'' be a [[smooth map]] between [[smooth manifolds]]. Then the [[pushforward (differential)|differential]] of ''φ'', ''φ''<sub>*</sub> = d''φ'' (or ''Dφ''), is a [[vector bundle morphism]] (over ''M'') from the [[tangent bundle]] ''TM'' of ''M'' to the [[pullback bundle]] ''φ''<sup>*</sup>''TN''. The [[dual space|transpose]] of ''φ''<sub>*</sub> is therefore a bundle map from ''φ''<sup>*</sup>''T''<sup>*</sup>''N'' to ''T''<sup>*</sup>''M'', the [[cotangent bundle]] of ''M''.
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| Now suppose that ''α'' is a [[section (fiber bundle)|section]] of ''T''<sup>*</sup>''N'' (a [[differential form|1-form]] on ''N''), and precompose ''α'' with ''φ'' to obtain a [[pullback bundle|pullback section]] of ''φ''<sup>*</sup>''T''<sup>*</sup>''N''. Applying the above bundle map (pointwise) to this section yields the '''pullback''' of ''α'' by ''φ'', which is the 1-form ''φ''<sup>*</sup>''α'' on ''M'' defined by
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| :<math> (\varphi^*\alpha)_x(X) = \alpha_{\varphi(x)}(\mathrm d\varphi_x(X))</math>
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| for ''x'' in ''M'' and ''X'' in ''T''<sub>''x''</sub>''M''.
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| ==Pullback of (covariant) tensor fields==
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| The construction of the previous section generalizes immediately to [[tensor|tensor bundle]]s of rank (0,''s'') for any natural number ''s'': a (0,''s'') [[tensor field]] on a manifold ''N'' is a section of the tensor bundle on ''N'' whose fiber at ''y'' in ''N'' is the space of multilinear ''s''-forms
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| :<math> F\colon T_y N\times\cdots \times T_y N\to \R.</math>
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| By taking Φ equal to the (pointwise) differential of a smooth map ''φ'' from ''M'' to ''N'', the pullback of multilinear forms can be combined with the pullback of sections to yield a pullback (0,''s'') tensor field on ''M''. More precisely if ''S'' is a (0,''s'')-tensor field on ''N'', then the '''pullback''' of ''S'' by ''φ'' is the (0,''s'')-tensor field ''φ''<sup>*</sup>''S'' on ''M'' defined by
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| :<math> (\varphi^*S)_x(X_1,\ldots, X_s) = S_{\varphi(x)}(\mathrm d\varphi_x(X_1),\ldots \mathrm d\varphi_x(X_s))</math>
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| for ''x'' in ''M'' and ''X''<sub>''j''</sub> in ''T''<sub>''x''</sub>''M''.
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| ==Pullback of differential forms==
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| A particular important case of the pullback of covariant tensor fields is the pullback of [[differential form]]s. If ''α'' is a differential ''k''-form, i.e., a section of the [[exterior bundle]] Λ<sup>''k''</sup>''T''*''N'' of (fiberwise) alternating ''k''-forms on ''TN'', then the pullback of ''α'' is the differential ''k''-form on ''M'' defined by the same formula as in the previous section:
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| :<math> (\varphi^*\alpha)_x(X_1,\ldots, X_k) = \alpha_{\varphi(x)}(\mathrm d\varphi_x(X_1),\ldots, \mathrm d\varphi_x(X_k))</math>
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| for ''x'' in ''M'' and ''X''<sub>''j''</sub> in ''T''<sub>''x''</sub>''M''.
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| The pullback of differential forms has two properties which make it extremely useful.
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| 1. It is compatible with the [[wedge product]] in the sense that for differential forms ''α'' and ''β'' on ''N'',
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| :<math>\varphi^*(\alpha \wedge \beta)=\varphi^*\alpha \wedge \varphi^*\beta.</math>
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| 2. It is compatible with the [[exterior derivative]] d: if ''α'' is a differential form on ''N'' then
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| :<math>\varphi^*(\mathrm d\alpha) = \mathrm d(\varphi^*\alpha).</math>
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| ==Pullback by diffeomorphisms==
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| When the map ''φ'' between manifolds is a [[diffeomorphism]], that is, it has a smooth inverse, then pullback can be defined for the [[vector field]]s as well as for 1-forms, and thus, by extension, for an arbitrary mixed tensor field on the manifold. The linear map
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| :<math>\Phi=\mathrm d\varphi_x\in GL(T_xM,T_{\varphi(x)}N)</math>
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| can be inverted to give
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| :<math>\Phi^{-1}=({\mathrm d\varphi_x})^{-1} \in GL(T_{\varphi(x)}N, T_xM).</math>
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| A general mixed tensor field will then transform using Φ and Φ<sup>-1</sup> according to the [[tensor product]] decomposition of the tensor bundle into copies of ''TN'' and ''T<sup>*</sup>N''. When ''M'' = ''N'', then the pullback and the [[pushforward (differential)|pushforward]] describe the transformation properties of a [[tensor]] on the manifold ''M''. In traditional terms, the pullback describes the transformation properties of the covariant indices of a [[tensor]]; by contrast, the transformation of the [[Covariance and contravariance of vectors|contravariant]] indices is given by a [[pushforward (differential)|pushforward]].
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| ==Pullback by automorphisms==
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| The construction of the previous section has a representation-theoretic interpretation when ''φ'' is a diffeomorphism from a manifold ''M'' to itself. In this case the derivative d''φ'' is a section of GL(''TM'',''φ''<sup>*</sup>''TM''). This induces a pullback action on sections of any bundle associated to the [[frame bundle]] GL(''M'') of ''M'' by a representation of the [[general linear group]] GL(''m'') (''m'' = dim ''M'').
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| ==Pullback and Lie derivative==
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| See [[Lie derivative]]. By applying the preceding ideas to the local 1-parameter group of diffeomorphisms defined by a vector field on ''M'', and differentiating with respect to the parameter, a notion of Lie derivative on any associated bundle is obtained.
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| ==Pullback of connections (covariant derivatives)==
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| If <math>\nabla</math> is a [[connection (vector bundle)|connection]] (or [[covariant derivative]]) on a vector bundle ''E'' over ''N'' and <math>\varphi</math> is a smooth map from ''M'' to ''N'', then there is a '''pullback connection''' <math>\varphi^*\nabla</math> on <math>\varphi</math><sup>*</sup>E over ''M'', determined uniquely by the condition that
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| :<math>(\varphi^*\nabla)_X(\varphi^*s) = \varphi^*(\nabla_{\mathrm d\varphi(X)} s).</math>
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Pushforward (differential)]]
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| * [[Pullback bundle]]
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| * [[Pullback (category theory)]]
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| ==References==
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| * Jürgen Jost, ''Riemannian Geometry and Geometric Analysis'', (2002) Springer-Verlag, Berlin ISBN 3-540-42627-2 ''See sections 1.5 and 1.6''.
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| * [[Ralph Abraham]] and Jerrold E. Marsden, ''Foundations of Mechanics'', (1978) Benjamin-Cummings, London ISBN 0-8053-0102-X ''See section 1.7 and 2.3''.
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| [[Category:Tensors]]
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| [[Category:Differential geometry]]
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