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{{About|the unit of fluid permeability}}
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A '''darcy''' (or '''darcy unit''') and '''millidarcy''' (mD) are [[Units of measurement|units]] of [[Permeability (earth sciences)|permeability]], named after [[Henry Darcy]].  They are not [[SI|SI units]], but they are widely used in [[petroleum engineering]] and [[geology]]. Like other measures of permeability, a darcy has the same units as [[area]].
 
==Definition==
Permeability measures the ability of fluids to flow through rock (or other porous media). The darcy is defined using [[Darcy's law]], which can be written as:
 
:<math>v = \frac{\kappa\,\Delta P}{\mu\,\Delta x}</math>
 
where:
:{|
|<math>v\,</math> || is the superficial (or bulk) fluid flow rate through the medium
|-
|<math>\kappa\,</math> || is the permeability of a medium
|-
|<math>\mu\,</math> || is the dynamic [[viscosity]] of the fluid
|-
|<math>\Delta P\,</math> || is the applied [[pressure]] difference
|-
|<math>\Delta x\,</math> || is the thickness of the medium
|}
 
The darcy is referenced to a mixture of unit systems. A medium with a permeability of 1 darcy permits a flow of 1&nbsp;cm³/s of a fluid with [[viscosity]] 1 [[centipoise|cP]] (1 [[pascal second|mPa·s]]) under a pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm acting across an area of 1&nbsp;cm². A millidarcy (mD) is equal to 0.001 darcy and a microdarcy (µD) equals 0.000001 darcy.
 
Typical values of permeability range as high as 100,000 darcys for gravel, to less than 0.01 microdarcy for granite. Sand has a permeability of approximately 1 darcy.<ref>Peter C. Lichtner, Carl I. Steefel, Eric H. Oelkers, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=woosT4DHKYrXmAXjo531Dw&id=nMsPAQAAIAAJ Reactive Transport in Porous Media]'', Mineralogical Society of America, 1996, ISBN 0-939950-42-1, p. 5.</ref>
 
==Origin==
The darcy is named after [[Henry Darcy]].  Rock permeability is usually expressed in millidarcys (mD) because rocks hosting hydrocarbon or water accumulations typically exhibit permeability ranging from 5 to 500 mD.
 
The odd combination of units comes from Darcy's original studies of water flow through columns of sand.  [[Water]] has a viscosity of 1.0019 cP at about room temperature.
 
Although the unit is named after Henry Darcy, it should be noted that the unit abbreviation is not capitalized (contrary to industry use). The American Association of Petroleum Geologists<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geoweb.princeton.edu/beijingconference/AAPG_StyleGuidelines.pdf|title=The American Association of Petroleum Geologist Style Guides}}</ref> use the following unit abbreviations and grammar in their publications:
 
* darcy (plural darcys, not darcies): D
* millidarcy (plural millidarcys, not millidarcies): mD
 
==Conversions==
Converted to [[SI]] units, 1 darcy is equivalent to 9.869233×10<sup>−13</sup> [[Square metre|m²]] or 0.9869233 ([[micrometre|µm]])².<ref name=spe>{{cite web|url=http://www.spe.org/spe-site/spe/spe/papers/authors/Metric_Standard.pdf|title=Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) metric standard|date=1982}}</ref> This conversion is usually approximated as 1 (µm)².<ref name=spe/> Note that this is the reciprocal of 1.013250&mdash;the conversion factor from atmospheres to [[bar (unit)|bars]].
 
Specifically in the hydrology domain, permeability of soil or rock may also be defined as the flux of water under hydrostatic pressure (~ 0.1 bar/m) at a temperature of 20ºC. In this specific setup, 1 Darcy is equivalent to 0.831 m/day. <ref>K. N. Duggal, J. P. Soni: Elements of Water Resources Engineering.
Publisher New Age International, 1996, p.270</ref>
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
* Richard Selley's "Elements of Petroleum Geology (2nd edition)," page 250.
 
[[Category:Units of measurement]]
[[Category:Geology]]
[[Category:Hydraulics]]
[[Category:Hydraulic engineering]]
[[Category:Hydrology]]
[[Category:Hydrogeology]]
[[Category:Soil mechanics]]
[[Category:Soil physics]]

Latest revision as of 10:09, 12 January 2015

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