Catastrophe theory: Difference between revisions
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== | {{enzyme | ||
| Name = Carbonate dehydratase | |||
| EC_number = 4.2.1.1 | |||
| CAS_number = 9001-03-0 | |||
| IUBMB_EC_number = 4/2/1/1 | |||
| GO_code = 0004089 | |||
| image = Carbonic anhydrase.png | |||
| width = 240px | |||
| caption = [[Ribbon diagram]] of human carbonic anhydrase II, with zinc ion visible in the center | |||
}} | |||
{{Pfam_box | |||
| Symbol = Carb_anhydrase | |||
| Name = Eukaryotic-type carbonic anhydrase | |||
| image = | |||
| width = | |||
| caption = | |||
| Pfam= PF00194 | |||
| InterPro= IPR001148 | |||
| SMART= | |||
| Prosite = PDOC00146 | |||
| SCOP = 1can | |||
| TCDB = | |||
| OPM family= | |||
| OPM protein= | |||
| PDB= | |||
{{PDB3|1kop}}B:33-252 {{PDB3|1rj6}}B:22-278 {{PDB3|1rj5}}B:22-278 | |||
{{PDB3|1jcz}}A:32-289 {{PDB3|1jd0}}A:32-289 {{PDB3|1g6v}}A:5-253 | |||
{{PDB3|1v9e}}B:5-258 {{PDB3|1v9i}}C:5-258 {{PDB3|1cak}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1i9q}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1yo0}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1zsa}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1cnc}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1bnw}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1fql}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1cim}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1h9n}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1g0e}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1g46}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1xev}}C:5-259 {{PDB3|1ydb}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1fsr}}B:5-259 {{PDB3|1cve}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1zsb}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1fr7}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1bv3}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1cnj}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1fsq}}B:5-259 {{PDB3|1cam}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1lzv}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1if4}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1t9n}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1caj}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1f2w}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|2cba}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1bn1}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1cai}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1i9l}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1g3z}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1kwq}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|2cbe}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1raz}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1xpz}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|2abe}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1ugg}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1rzd}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1te3}}X:5-259 {{PDB3|1dca}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1g52}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1yda}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1can}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|12ca}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1cvh}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1ca3}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1fqn}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|9ca2}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1if5}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1h9q}} :5-258 {{PDB3|5ca2}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1heb}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1moo}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|4ca2}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1g45}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1mua}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1lg6}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1ca2}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1i91}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1hva}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1ugc}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1xeg}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1hca}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1avn}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1am6}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1fsn}}B:5-259 {{PDB3|1g1d}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|2cbc}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1fqr}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1cng}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1g53}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1ccu}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1teq}}X:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1caz}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1ccs}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1oq5}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1bnq}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1bnu}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1cil}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1rze}} :5-259 {{PDB3|8ca2}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1ray}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1i8z}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|2cbd}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1eou}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1okl}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1ze8}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1g0f}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|4cac}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1cay}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1tg9}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1hec}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1yo2}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|6ca2}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1okn}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1cvc}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1ttm}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1cnb}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1th9}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1lg5}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1zsc}} :5-259 {{PDB3|2cbb}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1bcd}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1bnv}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1h4n}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1bic}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1g4j}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1g54}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1cal}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1tb0}}X:5-259 {{PDB3|1ugd}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1i9m}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1cah}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1a42}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1thk}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1kwr}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1g4o}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|3ca2}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1ugf}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1cvb}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1rzb}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1lgd}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1bn4}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1fqm}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1cao}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1cni}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1cnx}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|2ca2}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1bnm}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1yo1}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1rzc}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1uge}} :5-259 {{PDB3|7ca2}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1uga}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1cra}} :5-259 {{PDB3|2ax2}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1bnn}} :5-259 {{PDB3|2h4n}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1dcb}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1cny}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1i9o}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1if8}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1ydc}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1bnt}} :5-258 {{PDB3|5cac}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1rza}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1cnk}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1cnw}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1tbt}}X:5-259 {{PDB3|1i9p}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1hea}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1if9}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1i90}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1cvf}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1fr4}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1cvd}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1if7}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1cin}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1cva}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1i9n}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1ydd}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1bn3}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1teu}}X:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1hed}} :5-258 {{PDB3|1tg3}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1cnh}} :5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1okm}} :5-259 {{PDB3|1if6}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1cct}} :5-258 | |||
{{PDB3|1g48}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1xq0}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1q4i}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1crm}} :6-260 {{PDB3|1hcb}} :6-260 {{PDB3|1huh}} :6-260 | |||
{{PDB3|1hug}} :6-260 {{PDB3|1j9w}}A:6-260 {{PDB3|1czm}} :6-260 | |||
{{PDB3|1jv0}}B:6-260 {{PDB3|1bzm}} :6-260 {{PDB3|1azm}} :6-260 | |||
{{PDB3|2cab}} :6-260 {{PDB3|1z97}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1z93}}A:5-259 | |||
{{PDB3|1flj}}A:5-259 {{PDB3|1dmx}}A:55-290 {{PDB3|1urt}} :55-290 | |||
{{PDB3|1dmy}}A:55-290 {{PDB3|1keq}}B:53-290 {{PDB3|2znc}} :22-278 | |||
{{PDB3|3znc}} :22-278 {{PDB3|1znc}}B:23-284 | |||
}} | |||
The '''carbonic anhydrases''' (or '''carbonate dehydratases''') form a family of [[enzyme]]s that [[catalyst|catalyze]] the rapid interconversion of [[carbon dioxide]] and [[water]] to [[bicarbonate]] and [[Hydronium ion|proton]]s (or vice versa), a [[reversible reaction]] that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst.<ref name="pmid9336012">{{cite journal | author = Badger MR, Price GD | title = The role of carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis | journal = Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Bio. | volume = 45 | issue = | pages = 369–392 | year = 1994| doi = 10.1146/annurev.pp.45.060194.002101 }}</ref> The [[active site]] of most carbonic anhydrases contains a [[zinc]] ion; they are therefore classified as [[metalloprotein|metalloenzymes]]. | |||
One of the functions of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues. | |||
== Reaction == | |||
The reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase is: | |||
:<math>\rm CO_2 + H_2O \xleftarrow{Carbonic\ anhydrase} H_2CO_3</math> (in [[Biological tissue|tissue]]s - high CO<sub>2</sub> concentration)<ref>Carbonic acid has a pK<sub>a</sub> of around 6.36 (the exact value depends on the medium) so at pH 7 a small percentage of the bicarbonate is protonated. See [[carbonic acid]] for details concerning the equilibria HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> + H<sup>+</sup><math>\rightleftharpoons</math> H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub><math>\rightleftharpoons</math> CO<sub>2</sub> + H<sub>2</sub>O</ref> | |||
The [[reaction rate]] of carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest of all enzymes, and its rate is typically limited by the [[diffusion]] rate of its [[Substrate (biochemistry)|substrate]]s. | |||
Typical catalytic rates of the different forms of this enzyme ranging between 10<sup>4</sup> and 10<sup>6</sup> reactions per second.<ref name="Lindskog_1997">{{cite journal | author = Lindskog S | title = Structure and mechanism of carbonic anhydrase | journal = Pharmacol. Ther. | volume = 74 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–20 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9336012 | doi = 10.1016/S0163-7258(96)00198-2 }}</ref> | |||
== | The reverse reaction is relatively slow (kinetics in the 15-second range) in the absence of a catalyst. This is why a carbonated drink does not instantly degas when opening the container; however it will rapidly degas in the mouth when it comes in contact with carbonic anhydrase that is contained in saliva.<ref name="pmid9784398">{{cite journal | author = Thatcher BJ, Doherty AE, Orvisky E, Martin BM, Henkin RI | title = Gustin from human parotid saliva is carbonic anhydrase VI | journal = Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. | volume = 250 | issue = 3 | pages = 635–41 |date=September 1998 | pmid = 9784398 | doi = 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9356 | url = | issn = }}</ref> | ||
An anhydrase is defined as an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a water molecule from a compound, and so it is this "reverse" reaction that gives carbonic anhydrase its name, because it removes a water molecule from carbonic acid. | |||
:<math>\rm HCO_3^- + H^+ \rightarrow H_2CO_3 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O</math> (in [[lung]]s and [[nephrons]] of the [[kidney]] - low CO<sub>2</sub> concentration, in plant cells) | |||
==Mechanism== | |||
[[Image:Carbonic anhydrase 1CA2 active site.png|thumb|200px|Close-up rendering of active site of human carbonic anhydrase II, showing three [[histidine]] residues and a [[hydroxide]] group coordinating (dashed lines) the [[zinc]] ion at center. From {{PDB|1CA2}}.]] | |||
A [[zinc]] [[prosthetic group]] in the enzyme is coordinated in three positions by [[histidine]] [[side-chain]]s. The fourth coordination position is occupied by water. This causes polarisation of the hydrogen-oxygen bond, making the oxygen slightly more negative, thereby weakening the bond. | |||
A fourth histidine is placed close to the substrate of water and accepts a [[proton]], in an example of [[general acid]] - [[general base]] [[catalysis]] (see the article "[[Acid catalysis]]"). This leaves a [[hydroxide]] attached to the zinc. | |||
The active site also contains specificity pocket for carbon dioxide, bringing it close to the hydroxide group. This allows the electron-rich hydroxide to attack the carbon dioxide, forming bicarbonate. | |||
== | ==CA families== | ||
[[Image:Carbonic anhydrase 1CA2.png|thumb|200px|Ribbon diagram of human carbonic anhydrase II. [[Active site]] [[zinc]] ion visible at center. From {{PDB|1CA2}}.]] | |||
There are at least five distinct CA families (α, β, γ, δ and ε). These families have no significant [[protein sequence|amino acid sequence]] similarity and in most cases are thought to be an example of [[convergent evolution]]. The α-CAs are found in humans. | |||
===α-CA=== | |||
The CA enzymes found in [[mammal]]s are divided into four broad subgroups,<ref name="pmid11875253">{{cite journal | author = Breton S | title = The cellular physiology of carbonic anhydrases | journal = JOP | volume = 2 | issue = 4 Suppl | pages = 159–64 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11875253 | doi = | issn = | url = http://www.joplink.net/prev/200107/4.html}}</ref> which, in turn consist of several isoforms: | |||
* the [[cytosol]]ic CAs (CA-I, [[Carbonic anhydrase II|CA-II]], CA-III, CA-VII and CA XIII) ({{gene2|CA1|1368}}, {{gene2|CA2|1373}}, {{gene2|CA3|1374}}, {{gene2|CA7|1381}}, {{gene2|CA13|14914}}) | |||
* [[mitochondrion|mitochondrial]] CAs (CA-VA and CA-VB) ({{gene|CA5A}}, {{gene|CA5B}}) | |||
* secreted CAs (CA-VI) ({{gene2|CA6|1380}}) | |||
* membrane-associated CAs (CA-IV, CA-IX, CA-XII, CA-XIV and CA-XV) ({{gene2|CA4|1375}}, {{gene2|CA9|1383}}, {{gene2|CA12|1371}}, {{gene2|CA14|1372}}) | |||
== | There are three additional "acatalytic" CA isoforms (CA-VIII, CA-X, and CA-XI) ({{gene2|CA8|1382}}, {{gene2|CA10|1369}}, {{gene2|CA11|1370}}) whose functions remain unclear.<ref name="pmid9878252">{{cite journal | author = Lovejoy DA, Hewett-Emmett D, Porter CA, Cepoi D, Sheffield A, Vale WW, Tashian RE | title = Evolutionarily conserved, "acatalytic" carbonic anhydrase-related protein XI contains a sequence motif present in the neuropeptide sauvagine: the human CA-RP XI gene (CA11) is embedded between the secretor gene cluster and the DBP gene at 19q13.3 | journal = Genomics | volume = 54 | issue = 3 | pages = 484–93 | year = 1998 | pmid = 9878252 | doi = 10.1006/geno.1998.5585 }}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" align="center" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Comparison of mammalian carbonic anhydrases | |||
|- | |||
!Isoform | |||
!Gene | |||
![[Molecular mass]]<ref name=boron>Unless else specified: {{cite book |author=Walter F., PhD. Boron |title=Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |location= |year= 2005|pages= |isbn=1-4160-2328-3 |oclc= |doi = }} Page 638</ref> | |||
!Location (cell) | |||
!Location (tissue)<ref name=boron/> | |||
!Specific activity of human enzymes (except for mouse CA XV) (s<sup>−1</sup>)<ref name="Hilvo_2008">{{cite journal | author = Hilvo M, Baranauskiene L, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Matulis D, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Monti SM, Di Fiore A, De Simone G, Lindfors M, Jänis J, Valjakka J, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Kulomaa MS, Nordlund HR, Supuran CT, Parkkila S | title = Biochemical characterization of CA IX, one of the most active carbonic anhydrase isozymes | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 283 | issue = 41 | pages = 27799–809 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18703501 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M800938200 }}</ref> | |||
!Sensitivity to [[sulfonamide]]s (acetazolamide in this table) K<sub>I</sub> (nM)<ref name="Hilvo_2008">{{cite journal | author = Hilvo M, Baranauskiene L, Salzano AM, Scaloni A, Matulis D, Innocenti A, Scozzafava A, Monti SM, Di Fiore A, De Simone G, Lindfors M, Jänis J, Valjakka J, Pastoreková S, Pastorek J, Kulomaa MS, Nordlund HR, Supuran CT, Parkkila S | title = Biochemical characterization of CA IX, one of the most active carbonic anhydrase isozymes. | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 283 | issue = 41 | pages = 27799–809 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18703501 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M800938200 }}</ref> | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase I|CA-I]] || {{gene2|CA1|1368}} || 29 kDa || [[cytosol]] || [[red blood cell]] and [[gastrointestinal tract|GI tract]] || 2.0 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 250 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase II|CA-II]] || {{gene2|CA2|1373}} || 29 kDa || [[cytosol]] || almost ubiquitous || 1.4 × 10<sup>6</sup> || 12 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase III|CA-III]] || {{gene2|CA3|1374}} || 29 kDa || [[cytosol]] || 8% of soluble protein in Type I [[muscle]] || 1.3 × 10<sup>4</sup> || 240000 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase IV|CA-IV]] || {{gene2|CA4|1375}} || 35 kDa || extracellular [[glycophosphatidylinositol|GPI]]-linked || [[gastrointestinal tract|GI tract]], [[kidney]], endothelium || 1.1 × 10<sup>6</sup> || 74 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase VA|CA-VA]] || {{gene|CA5A}} || 34.7 kDa (predicted) || [[mitochondria]] || liver || 2.9 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 63 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase VB|CA-VB]] || {{gene|CA5B}} || 36.4 kDa (predicted) || [[mitochondria]] || widely distributed || 9.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 54 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase VI|CA-VI]] || {{gene2|CA6|1380}} || 39-42 kDa || secretory || saliva and milk || 3.4 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 11 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase VII|CA-VII]] || {{gene2|CA7|1381}} || 29 kDa || [[cytosol]] || widely distributed || 9.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 2.5 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase IX|CA-IX]] || {{gene2|CA9|1383}} || 54, 58 kDa || [[cell membrane]]-associated || normal [[gastrointestinal tract|GI tract]], several cancers || 1.1 × 10<sup>6</sup> || 16 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase XII|CA-XII]] || {{gene2|CA12|1371}} || 44 kDa || extracellularily located [[active site]] || [[kidney]], certain [[cancer]]s || 4.2 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 5.7 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase XIII|CA-XIII]]<ref name="Lehtonen 2004">{{cite journal | author = Lehtonen J, Shen B, Vihinen M, Casini A, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Parkkila AK, Saarnio J, Kivelä AJ, Waheed A, Sly WS, Parkkila S | title = Characterization of CA XIII, a novel member of the carbonic anhydrase isozyme family | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 279 | issue = 4 | pages = 2719–27 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14600151 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M308984200 }}</ref>|| {{gene2|CA13|14914}} || 29 kDa || [[cytosol]] || widely distributed || 1.5 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 16 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase XIV|CA-XIV]] || {{gene2|CA14|1372}} || 54 kDa || extracellularily located [[active site]] || [[kidney]], [[heart]], [[skeletal muscle]], [[brain]] || 3.1 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 41 | |||
|- | |||
| [[Carbonic anhydrase XV|CA-XV]]<ref name="Hilvo_2005">{{cite journal | author = Hilvo M, Tolvanen M, Clark A, Shen B, Shah GN, Waheed A, Halmi P, Hänninen M, Hämäläinen JM, Vihinen M, Sly WS, Parkkila S | title = Characterization of CA XV, a new GPI-anchored form of carbonic anhydrase | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 392 | pages = 83–92 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16083424 | doi = 10.1042/BJ20051102 | issue = Pt 1 | pmc = 1317667 }}</ref>|| {{gene2|CA15|80733}} || 34-36 kDa || extracellular [[glycophosphatidylinositol|GPI]]-linked || [[kidney]], not expressed in human tissues || 4.7 × 10<sup>5</sup> || 72 | |||
|} | |||
== | ===β-CA=== | ||
Most [[prokaryote|prokaryotic]] and plant [[chloroplast]] CAs belong to the beta family. | |||
Two [[sequence motif|signature pattern]]s for this family have been identified: | |||
* C-[SA]-D-S-R-[LIVM]-x-[AP] | |||
* [EQ]-[YF]-A-[LIVM]-x(2)-[LIVM]-x(4)-[LIVMF](3)-x-G-H-x(2)-C-G | |||
===γ-CA=== | |||
The gamma class of CAs come from [[methanogen]]s, [[methane-producing bacteria]] that grow in hot springs. | |||
== | ===δ-CA=== | ||
The delta class of CAs has been described in [[diatom]]s. The distinction of this class of CA has recently<ref name="Sawaya_2006">{{cite journal | author = Sawaya MR, Cannon GC, Heinhorst S, Tanaka S, Williams EB, Yeates TO, Kerfeld CA | title = The structure of beta-carbonic anhydrase from the carboxysomal shell reveals a distinct subclass with one active site for the price of two | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 281 | issue = 11 | pages = 7546–55 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16407248 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M510464200 }}</ref> come into question, however. | |||
===ε-CA=== | |||
The epsilon class of CAs occurs exclusively in [[bacteria]] in a few [[chemolithotroph]]s and marine [[cyanobacteria]] that contain cso-[[carboxysome]]s.<ref name="pmid14729686">{{cite journal | author = So AK, Espie GS, Williams EB, Shively JM, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC | title = A novel evolutionary lineage of carbonic anhydrase (epsilon class) is a component of the carboxysome shell | journal = J. Bacteriol. | volume = 186 | issue = 3 | pages = 623–30 | year = 2004 | pmid = 14729686 | doi = 10.1128/JB.186.3.623-630.2004 | pmc = 321498 }}</ref> Recent 3-dimensional analyses<ref name="Sawaya_2006" /> suggest that ε-CA bears some structural resemblance to β-CA, particularly near the metal ion site. Thus, the two forms may be distantly related, even though the underlying [[protein sequence|amino acid sequence]] has since diverged considerably. | |||
== | ==Pharmacological agents affecting CA== | ||
:''See [[Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor]] | |||
==Structure and function of carbonic anhydrase== | |||
Several forms of carbonic anhydrase occur in nature. In the best-studied ''α-carbonic anhydrase'' form present in animals, the zinc ion is coordinated by the [[imidazole]] rings of 3 [[histidine]] residues, His94, His96, and His119. | |||
The primary function of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues. | |||
There are at least 14 different isoforms in mammals. [[Plant]]s contain a different form called ''β-carbonic anhydrase'', which, from an evolutionary standpoint, is a distinct enzyme, but participates in the same reaction and also uses a zinc ion in its active site. In plants, carbonic anhydrase helps raise the concentration of CO<sub>2</sub> within the [[chloroplast]] in order to increase the carboxylation rate of the enzyme [[RuBisCO]]. This is the reaction that integrates CO<sub>2</sub> into [[organic carbon]] sugars during [[photosynthesis]], and can use only the CO<sub>2</sub> form of carbon, not carbonic acid or bicarbonate. | |||
== | A [[cadmium]]-containing carbonic anhydrase was found to be expressed in marine [[diatom]]s during zinc limitation.<ref name="pmid15875011"/> In the open ocean, zinc is often in such low concentrations that it can limit the growth of [[phytoplankton]] like diatoms; thus, a carbonic anhydrase using a different metal ion would be beneficial in these environments. [[Cadmium]] has in general been thought of as a very toxic [[heavy metals|heavy metal]] without biological function. This peculiar carbonic anhydrase form hosts the only known beneficial cadmium-dependent biological reaction.<ref name="pmid15875011">{{cite journal | author = Lane TW, Saito MA, George GN, Pickering IJ, Prince RC, Morel FM | title = Biochemistry: a cadmium enzyme from a marine diatom | journal = Nature | volume = 435 | issue = 7038 | pages = 42 |date=May 2005 | pmid = 15875011 | doi = 10.1038/435042a | laysummary = http://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/research/highlights_archive/cd-ca.html | laysource = SSRL Science Highlight }}</ref> | ||
==Industrial applications== | |||
Modified carbonic anhydrase enzymes have been used to replace [[methyl diethanolamine]] ("MDEA") in [[Carbon dioxide sequestration|carbon dioxide capture]]. Quebec based company CO2 solutions promotes this technology. | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
== | == Further reading == | ||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* {{cite journal | author = Lyall V, Alam RI, Phan DQ, Ereso GL, Phan TH, Malik SA, Montrose MH, Chu S, Heck GL, Feldman GM, DeSimone JA | title = Decrease in rat taste receptor cell [[intracellular pH]] is the proximate stimulus in sour taste transduction | journal = Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. | volume = 281 | issue = 3 | pages = C1005–13 |date=September 2001 | pmid = 11502578 | doi = }} | |||
* {{cite web | url = http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/101/motm.do?momID=49 | title = Carbonic Anhydrase | author = Goodsell D | date = 2004-01-01 | format = | work = PDB Molecule of the Month | publisher = Protein Data Bank | accessdate = 2011-05-28 }} | |||
{{refend}} | |||
{{Carbon-oxygen lyases}} | |||
{{Carbonic anhydrases}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carbonic Anhydrase}} | |||
[[Category:EC 4.2.1]] | |||
[[Category:Enzymes]] | |||
[[Category:Zinc enzymes]] | |||
Revision as of 08:22, 11 July 2013
Template:Enzyme Template:Pfam box
The carbonic anhydrases (or carbonate dehydratases) form a family of enzymes that catalyze the rapid interconversion of carbon dioxide and water to bicarbonate and protons (or vice versa), a reversible reaction that occurs rather slowly in the absence of a catalyst.[1] The active site of most carbonic anhydrases contains a zinc ion; they are therefore classified as metalloenzymes.
One of the functions of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues.
Reaction
The reaction catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase is:
The reaction rate of carbonic anhydrase is one of the fastest of all enzymes, and its rate is typically limited by the diffusion rate of its substrates. Typical catalytic rates of the different forms of this enzyme ranging between 104 and 106 reactions per second.[3]
The reverse reaction is relatively slow (kinetics in the 15-second range) in the absence of a catalyst. This is why a carbonated drink does not instantly degas when opening the container; however it will rapidly degas in the mouth when it comes in contact with carbonic anhydrase that is contained in saliva.[4]
An anhydrase is defined as an enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a water molecule from a compound, and so it is this "reverse" reaction that gives carbonic anhydrase its name, because it removes a water molecule from carbonic acid.
Mechanism
A zinc prosthetic group in the enzyme is coordinated in three positions by histidine side-chains. The fourth coordination position is occupied by water. This causes polarisation of the hydrogen-oxygen bond, making the oxygen slightly more negative, thereby weakening the bond.
A fourth histidine is placed close to the substrate of water and accepts a proton, in an example of general acid - general base catalysis (see the article "Acid catalysis"). This leaves a hydroxide attached to the zinc.
The active site also contains specificity pocket for carbon dioxide, bringing it close to the hydroxide group. This allows the electron-rich hydroxide to attack the carbon dioxide, forming bicarbonate.
CA families
There are at least five distinct CA families (α, β, γ, δ and ε). These families have no significant amino acid sequence similarity and in most cases are thought to be an example of convergent evolution. The α-CAs are found in humans.
α-CA
The CA enzymes found in mammals are divided into four broad subgroups,[5] which, in turn consist of several isoforms:
- the cytosolic CAs (CA-I, CA-II, CA-III, CA-VII and CA XIII) (Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2)
- mitochondrial CAs (CA-VA and CA-VB) (Template:Gene, Template:Gene)
- secreted CAs (CA-VI) (Template:Gene2)
- membrane-associated CAs (CA-IV, CA-IX, CA-XII, CA-XIV and CA-XV) (Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2)
There are three additional "acatalytic" CA isoforms (CA-VIII, CA-X, and CA-XI) (Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2, Template:Gene2) whose functions remain unclear.[6]
Isoform | Gene | Molecular mass[7] | Location (cell) | Location (tissue)[7] | Specific activity of human enzymes (except for mouse CA XV) (s−1)[8] | Sensitivity to sulfonamides (acetazolamide in this table) KI (nM)[8] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CA-I | Template:Gene2 | 29 kDa | cytosol | red blood cell and GI tract | 2.0 × 105 | 250 |
CA-II | Template:Gene2 | 29 kDa | cytosol | almost ubiquitous | 1.4 × 106 | 12 |
CA-III | Template:Gene2 | 29 kDa | cytosol | 8% of soluble protein in Type I muscle | 1.3 × 104 | 240000 |
CA-IV | Template:Gene2 | 35 kDa | extracellular GPI-linked | GI tract, kidney, endothelium | 1.1 × 106 | 74 |
CA-VA | Template:Gene | 34.7 kDa (predicted) | mitochondria | liver | 2.9 × 105 | 63 |
CA-VB | Template:Gene | 36.4 kDa (predicted) | mitochondria | widely distributed | 9.5 × 105 | 54 |
CA-VI | Template:Gene2 | 39-42 kDa | secretory | saliva and milk | 3.4 × 105 | 11 |
CA-VII | Template:Gene2 | 29 kDa | cytosol | widely distributed | 9.5 × 105 | 2.5 |
CA-IX | Template:Gene2 | 54, 58 kDa | cell membrane-associated | normal GI tract, several cancers | 1.1 × 106 | 16 |
CA-XII | Template:Gene2 | 44 kDa | extracellularily located active site | kidney, certain cancers | 4.2 × 105 | 5.7 |
CA-XIII[9] | Template:Gene2 | 29 kDa | cytosol | widely distributed | 1.5 × 105 | 16 |
CA-XIV | Template:Gene2 | 54 kDa | extracellularily located active site | kidney, heart, skeletal muscle, brain | 3.1 × 105 | 41 |
CA-XV[10] | Template:Gene2 | 34-36 kDa | extracellular GPI-linked | kidney, not expressed in human tissues | 4.7 × 105 | 72 |
β-CA
Most prokaryotic and plant chloroplast CAs belong to the beta family. Two signature patterns for this family have been identified:
- C-[SA]-D-S-R-[LIVM]-x-[AP]
- [EQ]-[YF]-A-[LIVM]-x(2)-[LIVM]-x(4)-[LIVMF](3)-x-G-H-x(2)-C-G
γ-CA
The gamma class of CAs come from methanogens, methane-producing bacteria that grow in hot springs.
δ-CA
The delta class of CAs has been described in diatoms. The distinction of this class of CA has recently[11] come into question, however.
ε-CA
The epsilon class of CAs occurs exclusively in bacteria in a few chemolithotrophs and marine cyanobacteria that contain cso-carboxysomes.[12] Recent 3-dimensional analyses[11] suggest that ε-CA bears some structural resemblance to β-CA, particularly near the metal ion site. Thus, the two forms may be distantly related, even though the underlying amino acid sequence has since diverged considerably.
Pharmacological agents affecting CA
Structure and function of carbonic anhydrase
Several forms of carbonic anhydrase occur in nature. In the best-studied α-carbonic anhydrase form present in animals, the zinc ion is coordinated by the imidazole rings of 3 histidine residues, His94, His96, and His119.
The primary function of the enzyme in animals is to interconvert carbon dioxide and bicarbonate to maintain acid-base balance in blood and other tissues, and to help transport carbon dioxide out of tissues.
There are at least 14 different isoforms in mammals. Plants contain a different form called β-carbonic anhydrase, which, from an evolutionary standpoint, is a distinct enzyme, but participates in the same reaction and also uses a zinc ion in its active site. In plants, carbonic anhydrase helps raise the concentration of CO2 within the chloroplast in order to increase the carboxylation rate of the enzyme RuBisCO. This is the reaction that integrates CO2 into organic carbon sugars during photosynthesis, and can use only the CO2 form of carbon, not carbonic acid or bicarbonate.
A cadmium-containing carbonic anhydrase was found to be expressed in marine diatoms during zinc limitation.[13] In the open ocean, zinc is often in such low concentrations that it can limit the growth of phytoplankton like diatoms; thus, a carbonic anhydrase using a different metal ion would be beneficial in these environments. Cadmium has in general been thought of as a very toxic heavy metal without biological function. This peculiar carbonic anhydrase form hosts the only known beneficial cadmium-dependent biological reaction.[13]
Industrial applications
Modified carbonic anhydrase enzymes have been used to replace methyl diethanolamine ("MDEA") in carbon dioxide capture. Quebec based company CO2 solutions promotes this technology.
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
Further reading
- One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - Template:Cite web
Template:Carbon-oxygen lyases Template:Carbonic anhydrases
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ Carbonic acid has a pKa of around 6.36 (the exact value depends on the medium) so at pH 7 a small percentage of the bicarbonate is protonated. See carbonic acid for details concerning the equilibria HCO3- + H+ H2CO3 and H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
- ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Unless else specified: 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 Page 638 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang Cite error: Invalid<ref>
tag; name "Hilvo_2008" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 11.0 11.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang - ↑ 13.0 13.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting
In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang
Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules
Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.
A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running
The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more
There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang