# Coercive function

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In mathematics, a coercive function is a function that "grows rapidly" at the extremes of the space on which it is defined. Depending on the context different exact definitions of this idea are in use.

## Coercive vector fields

A vector field f : RnRn is called coercive if

${\displaystyle {\frac {f(x)\cdot x}{\|x\|}}\to +\infty {\mbox{ as }}\|x\|\to +\infty ,}$

where "${\displaystyle \cdot }$" denotes the usual dot product and ${\displaystyle \|x\|}$ denotes the usual Euclidean norm of the vector x.

A coercive vector field is in particular norm-coercive since ${\displaystyle \|f(x)\|\geq (f(x)\cdot x)/\|x\|}$ for ${\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{n}\setminus \{0\}}$, by Cauchy Schwarz inequality. However a norm-coercive mapping f : RnRn is not necessarily a coercive vector field. For instance the rotation f : R2R2, f(x) = (-x2, x1) by 90° is a norm-coercive mapping which fails to be a coercive vector field since ${\displaystyle f(x)\cdot x=0}$ for every ${\displaystyle x\in \mathbb {R} ^{2}}$.

## Coercive operators and forms

A self-adjoint operator ${\displaystyle A:H\to H,}$ where ${\displaystyle H}$ is a real Hilbert space, is called coercive if there exists a constant ${\displaystyle c>0}$ such that

${\displaystyle \langle Ax,x\rangle \geq c\|x\|^{2}}$

A bilinear form ${\displaystyle a:H\times H\to \mathbb {R} }$ is called coercive if there exists a constant ${\displaystyle c>0}$ such that

${\displaystyle a(x,x)\geq c\|x\|^{2}}$

It follows from the Riesz representation theorem that any symmetric (defined as:${\displaystyle a(x,y)=a(y,x)}$ for all ${\displaystyle x,y}$ in ${\displaystyle H}$), continuous (${\displaystyle |a(x,y)|\leq k\|x\|\,\|y\|}$ for all ${\displaystyle x,y}$ in ${\displaystyle H}$ and some constant ${\displaystyle k>0}$) and coercive bilinear form ${\displaystyle a}$ has the representation

${\displaystyle a(x,y)=\langle Ax,y\rangle }$

for some self-adjoint operator ${\displaystyle A:H\to H,}$ which then turns out to be a coercive operator. Also, given a coercive self-adjoint operator ${\displaystyle A,}$ the bilinear form ${\displaystyle a}$ defined as above is coercive.

One can also show that any self-adjoint operator ${\displaystyle A:H\to H}$ is a coercive operator if and only if it is a coercive mapping (in the sense of coercivity of a vector field, where one has to replace the dot product with the more general inner product). The definitions of coercivity for vector fields, operators, and bilinear forms are closely related and compatible.

## Norm-coercive mappings

A mapping ${\displaystyle f:X\to X'}$ between two normed vectorspaces ${\displaystyle (X,\|\cdot \|)}$ and ${\displaystyle (X',\|\cdot \|')}$ is called norm-coercive iff

${\displaystyle \|f(x)\|'\to +\infty {\mbox{ as }}\|x\|\to +\infty }$.

More generally, a function ${\displaystyle f:X\to X'}$ between two topological spaces ${\displaystyle X}$ and ${\displaystyle X'}$ is called coercive if for every compact subset ${\displaystyle K'}$ of ${\displaystyle X'}$ there exists a compact subset ${\displaystyle K}$ of ${\displaystyle X}$ such that

${\displaystyle f(X\setminus K)\subseteq X'\setminus K'.}$

The composition of a bijective proper map followed by a coercive map is coercive.

## (Extended valued) coercive functions

An (extended valued) function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} \cup \{-\infty ,+\infty \}}$ is called coercive iff

${\displaystyle f(x)\to +\infty {\mbox{ as }}\|x\|\to +\infty .}$

A realvalued coercive function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ is in particular norm-coercive. However a norm-coercive function ${\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }$ is not necessarily coercive. For instance the identity function on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$ is norm-coercive but not coercive.

See also: radially unbounded functions

## References

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This article incorporates material from Coercive Function on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.