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[[Image:Faraday-effect.svg|thumb|right|250px|Polarization mechanism due to the Faraday effect. The field lines are usually closed through a [[permanent magnet]] around the rotator.]]
A '''Faraday rotator''' is an optical device that rotates the [[polarization of light]] due to the [[Faraday effect]], which in turn is based on a [[magneto-optic effect]].


The Faraday rotator works because one polarization of the input light is in [[ferromagnetic]] [[resonance]] with the material which causes its [[phase velocity]] to be higher than the other.


The plane of linearly polarized light is rotated when a [[magnetic field]] is applied [[Parallel (geometry)|parallel]] to the [[wave propagation|propagation]] direction. The empirical [[angle of rotation]] is given by:
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:<math> \beta = VBd \!</math>
 
Where <math>\beta</math> is the angle of rotation (in [[radian]]s).<br />
<math>B</math> is the magnetic flux density in the direction of propagation (in [[tesla (unit)|tesla]]s).<br>
<math>d</math> is the length of the path (in metres) where the light and magnetic field interact.<br>
Then <math>V</math> is the [[Verdet constant]] for the material. This empirical proportionality constant (in units of radians per tesla per metre, rad/(T·m)) varies with wavelength and temperature and is tabulated for various materials.
 
Faraday rotation is an example of non-reciprocal optical propagation. Unlike what happens in an [[optical activity|optically active]] medium such as a sugar solution, reflecting a polarized beam back through the same Faraday medium does not undo the polarization change the beam underwent in its forward pass through the medium.  This  allows Faraday rotators to be used to construct devices such as [[optical isolator]]s to prevent undesired back propagation of light from disrupting or damaging an optical system.
 
The geometry of nonreciprocal propagation may at first appear paradoxical.  In an optically active medium, the polarization direction twists in the same sense (e.g. like a right-handed screw) during the forward and backward passes, whereas in a Faraday medium, because the light reverses its propagation direction with respect to the magnetic field, the helicity of the propagation also reverses.  But because the propagation axis has also reversed, this reversal of helicity is just what is needed to cause the back-reflected light to have different polarization from the incident light. If the Faraday medium is of such thickness as to cause a 45 degree rotation on the way in, the back-reflected beam will have polarization perpendicular to the incident beam, allowing it to be cleanly blocked by the light source's polarizer.
 
Faraday rotators may be enhanced by the [[Zeeman effect]].<ref>{{cite journal| last=Popescu| first=Alexandru| coauthors=Walther, Thomas| title=On the potential of Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter as high-resolution edge filters| journal=Laser physics| year=2005| volume=15| issue=1| pages=55–60| url=http://www.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/lqo/cgi-bin/Download/Downloadmgr.cgi?user=anonymous&file=lasphys_popescu_fadof.ps&type=ps| accessdate=2007-03-13}}</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[Optical isolator]]
*[[Atomic line filter]]
 
==References==
<references/>
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Faraday Rotator}}
[[Category:Optical devices]]
[[Category:Michael Faraday]]

Revision as of 07:05, 2 March 2014


He got back late, and looked so tired I said I�d order a Rasa curry, which I did. So, on Friday, I emailed him in the morning to say that I�d been worried by the fact that he�d read the address of my London flat on the internet. They wanted to phone us back, so I reminded David I�d lost my BlackBerry, and have no idea what the number of the Bat Phone is.

I keep conjuring up images of him in 1983, trying to reignite the passion.
I told him, before he started wriggling, that I think that memorable evening, when after our game of squash he had asked me to take his racquet home for him because he had a date, he had already started seeing the woman he would marry.

He bought me a bottle of prosecco, and some shopping. On Sunday, we went to the Matisse exhibition at the Tate Modern (walking round the exhibit, talking, made me feel as though we were in a Woody Allen movie), and again his car had a parking ticket on it when we returned to it. This time, though, he didn�t hand it to me, although it�s sitting, accusingly, on my desk.

The whole phone, in fact, is a gleaming object of desire but it lacks standout new features other than the cameras, so you�ll miss out on gizmos such as the Samsung S5�s fingerprint scanner, or LG G3�s frankly frightening Quad HD screen.

99 ★★★★★Most of us who can be considered vaguely literate felt a faint anger when the term �selfie� passed from geek-speak into common parlance, especially after this year�s famous examples at the Oscars and Nelson Mandela�s funeral, where Barack Obama snuggled up to David Cameron. Huawei Ascend P7 �329.

And don�t say, �Don�t give me a hard time� when it�s you giving me a hard time. I did nothing today other than work hard and order dinner. 'Have a great life together, just leave me out of it. �You know I have no interest in her. I didn�t realise you had taken my keys back. I hope that was just a fit of pique. �
This came back the next morning, when he�d arrived at work. I love you and no one else. I have to work now, but I�ll see you tonight, as usual. My life is an open book to you.

Isobel and Dawn are in situ already, chilling the wine. Lots of books on Kindle. My Accessorize pink bikini. Wow, are we going to whip up some copy! What about the wedding proposal on the Pampelonne beach and me and Dawn can scatter white rose petals. Xxx�
The thing is, I�m not even sure David is still coming� Packing in tissue paper tonight: The Row sunglasses. My Dries negligee dress. Isobel has just sent me a message�
�The cast of Liz Jones�s Diary are off to the South of France. Let�s get this show on the road!

She had written to him three times, about him giving her his car (His reply: �I will send you the log book�), and having found his bow tie (His reply: �I spent �75 on one last week.

The famous Oscars �selfie� taken by Bradley Cooper and featuring Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, Meryl Streep, Julia Roberts, Ellen DeGeneres, Jennifer Lawrence, Lupita Nyong�o, her brother Peter, Kevin Spacey, Jared Leto and Channing Tatum
But Huawei (pronounced like the reverse of a jubilant �Whahey�) needed to add to the language to sum up the purpose of its new Ascend P7�s stand-out feature - a forward-facing eight-megapixel camera, with the option for panoramic shots. By law, this is the only phone you�ll be taking �groufies� on - although as yet, the trademark doesn�t apply in the UK, so users of other phones can still use it for their own work. Unless you�re the size of a Weight Watchers �before� picture, there�s only one reason for this to exist - a �group selfie� (ie, a group shot where one of you holds the camera) - hence �groufie�. Huawei is so proud of the word the company trademarked it in several countries to mark the launch of the P7.

In case you�re wondering what Huawei is, it�s one of those Chinese companies that only recently began hawking smartphones in the West, and shifts so many phones in the Far East it�s the third biggest phone company on Earth.

Upstage selfie-toting friends by turning you and your pals into a real 3D-model (warning: there�s a fair bit of work involved), ready to print off. The app �walks� you round anything to capture it in 3D - now all you need is a few hundred quid for a 3D printer.

Huawei�s invention of the g-word, and the panoramic software to make it a reality, is down to a feeling that the endless Twitter parade of selfies (both celebrity and human), might be improved with a bit of context. And in action, it�s impressive too.

WOLFENSTEIN: THE NEW ORDER�40, PC, CONSOLES
The biggest surprise in Wolfensteing: The New Order is that it's the tense plotting that lifts this violent tale above its beige rivals
With an alternate-history plot hewn from the finest codswallop - a Nazi general uses high technology to summon an army of robots and zombies - the biggest surprise here is that it�s the tense plotting that lifts this violent tale above its beige rivals. ★★★★★

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