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| {{enzyme
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| | Name = Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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| | EC_number = 1.1.1.49
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| | CAS_number = 9001-40-5
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| | IUBMB_EC_number = 1/1/1/49
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| | GO_code = 0004345
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| | image =
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| | width =
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| | caption =
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| }}
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| {{Infobox protein family
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| | Symbol = G6PD_N
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| | Name = Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain
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| | image = PDB 1dpg EBI.jpg
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| | width =
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| | caption = glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase from leuconostoc mesenteroides
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| | Pfam = PF00479
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| | Pfam_clan = CL0063
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| | InterPro = IPR022674
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| | SMART =
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| | PROSITE = PDOC00067
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| | MEROPS =
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| | SCOP = 1dpg
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| | TCDB =
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| | OPM family =
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| | OPM protein =
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| | CAZy =
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| | CDD =
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| }}
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| {{Infobox protein family
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| | Symbol = G6PD_C
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| | Name = Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, C-terminal domain
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| | image =
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| | width =
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| | caption =
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| | Pfam = PF02781
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| | Pfam_clan =
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| | InterPro =
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| | SMART =
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| | PROSITE = PDOC00067
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| | MEROPS =
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| | SCOP = 1dpg
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| | TCDB =
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| | OPM family =
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| | OPM protein =
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| | CAZy =
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| | CDD =
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| }}
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| {{PBB|geneid=2539}}
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| '''Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase''' ('''G6PD''' or '''G6PDH''') ({{EC number|1.1.1.49}}) is an [[cytosolic]] [[enzyme]] that [[catalysis|catalyzes]] the [[chemical reaction]] | |
| : D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADP<sup>+</sup> <math>\rightleftharpoons</math> 6-phospho-D-glucono-1,5-lactone + NADPH + H<sup>+</sup>
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| This enzyme is in the [[pentose phosphate pathway]] (see image), a [[metabolic pathway]] that supplies reducing energy to cells (such as [[erythrocyte]]s) by maintaining the level of the [[co-enzyme]] [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide|nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate]] (NADPH). The NADPH in turn maintains the level of [[glutathione]] in these cells that helps protect the red blood cells against [[oxidation|oxidative]] damage. Of greater quantitative importance is the production of NADPH for tissues actively engaged in biosynthesis of fatty acids and/or isoprenoids, such as the liver, mammary glands, adipose tissue, and the adrenal glands. G6PD reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) to NADPH while oxidizing glucose-6-phosphate.<ref name="isbn1-4160-3121-9">{{cite book | author = Aster J, Kumar V, Robbins SL, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Cotran RS | title = Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease | publisher = Saunders/Elsevier | location = | year = 2010 | pages = Kindle Locations 33340–33341 | isbn = 1-4160-3121-9 | oclc = | doi = | accessdate = }}</ref>
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| It is notable in humans when there is a [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency|genetic deficiency of G6PD]] which predisposes to non-immune {{SWL|target=hemolytic anemia|type=mutation_results_in}}.
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| == Species distribution ==
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| G6PD is widely distributed in many species from [[bacteria]] to [[humans]]. In higher plants, several [[isoforms]] of G6PDH have been reported, which are localized in the [[cytosol]], the [[plastidic stroma]], and [[peroxisomes]].<ref name="pmid9480890">{{cite journal | author = Corpas FJ, Barroso JB, Sandalio LM, Distefano S, Palma JM, Lupiáñez JA, Del Río LA | title = A dehydrogenase-mediated recycling system of NADPH in plant peroxisomes | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = 330 ( Pt 2) | issue = Pt 2| pages = 777–84 |date=March 1998 | pmid = 9480890 | pmc = 1219205 | doi = }}</ref>
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| == Regulation ==
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| '''Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase''' is stimulated by its substrate Glucose 6 Phosphate. The usual ratio of NADPH/NADP<sup>+</sup> in the cytosol of tissues engaged in biosyntheses is about 100/1. Increased utilization of NADPH for fatty acid biosynthesis will dramatically increase the level of NADP<sup>+</sup>, thus stimulating '''G6PD''' to produce more NADPH.
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| G6PD converts [[glucose-6-phosphate]] into [[6-phosphoglucono-δ-lactone]] and is the [[Rate-determining_step|rate-limiting]] enzyme of the ''pentose phosphate pathway''.
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| G6PD is one of a number of [[glycolysis|glycolytic enzyme]]s activated by the [[transcription factor]] [[HIF1A|Hypoxia-inducible factor 1]] (HIF1).<ref name=CRJune2012/>
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| == Clinical significance ==
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| G6PD is remarkable for its genetic diversity. Many variants of G6PD, mostly produced from [[missense mutation]]s, have been described with wide ranging levels of [[enzyme activity]] and associated clinical symptoms. Two transcript variants encoding different [[isoform]]s have been found for this gene.<ref>{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=2539| accessdate = }}</ref>
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| [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] is very common worldwide, and causes acute [[hemolytic anemia]] in the presence of simple infection, ingestion of [[fava beans]], or reaction with certain medicines, antibiotics, antipyretics, and antimalarials.<ref name="pmid18177777">{{cite journal | author = Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G | title = Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency | journal = Lancet | volume = 371 | issue = 9606 | pages = 64–74 |date=January 2008 | pmid = 18177777 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60073-2 | url = }}</ref>
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| [[File:Pathology of G6PD deficiency.png|center|none|400px|]]
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| Cell growth and proliferation are affected by G6PD.<ref name="Tian_1998">{{cite journal | author = Tian WN, Braunstein LD, Pang J, Stuhlmeier KM, Xi QC, Tian X, Stanton RC | title = Importance of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity for cell growth | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 273 | issue = 17 | pages = 10609–17 |date=April 1998 | pmid = 9553122 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.273.17.10609| url = }}</ref> G6PD inhibitors are under investigation to treat cancers and other conditions.<ref name="CRJune2012">{{cite web | url = http://www.onclive.com/publications/targeted-therapies/2012/June-2012/Cancer-Research-Moves-Beyond-the-Original-Hallmarks-of-Cancer | title = Cancer Research Moves Beyond the Original Hallmarks of Cancer | author = de Lartigue J | date = 2012-06-12 | publisher = OncLive }}</ref> [[DHEA]] is a G6PD inhibitor.<ref name="Tian_1998"/>
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| == See also ==
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| * [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
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| * [[Genetic resistance to malaria]]
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| {{refbegin | 2}}
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| *{{cite journal | author=Vulliamy T, Beutler E, Luzzatto L |title=Variants of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase are due to missense mutations spread throughout the coding region of the gene |journal=Hum. Mutat. |volume=2 |issue= 3 |pages= 159–67 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8364584 |doi= 10.1002/humu.1380020302 }}
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| *{{cite journal | author=Mason PJ |title=New insights into G6PD deficiency |journal=Br. J. Haematol. |volume=94 |issue= 4 |pages= 585–91 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8826878 |doi= }}
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| *{{cite journal | author=Wajcman H, Galactéros F |title=[Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency: a protection against malaria and a risk for hemolytic accidents] |journal=C. R. Biol. |volume=327 |issue= 8 |pages= 711–20 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15506519 |doi=10.1016/j.crvi.2004.07.010 }}
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| {{refend}}
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://www.g6pddeficiency.org/index.php - G6PD Deficiency Website]
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| * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/nitrate/no3treatment_management.html#g6pd ATSDR - G6PD Deficiency]
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| {{PDB Gallery|geneid=2539}}
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| {{Alcohol oxidoreductases}}
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| {{Pentose phosphate pathway}}
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| [[Category:EC 1.1.1]]
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| [[Category:NADPH-dependent enzymes]]
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| [[Category:Enzymes of known structure]]
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The writer's name is Christy Brookins. Some time ago she selected to live in Alaska and her parents live close by. Distributing production has been his profession for some time. The preferred pastime for him and his kids is style and he'll be starting something else along with it.
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