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[[Image:Googlematrixwikipedia2009.jpg|thumb|240px|  Fig.1. Google matrix of Wikipedia articles network, written in the bases of PageRank index; fragment of
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top  200 X 200  matrix elements is shown, total size
N=3282257 (from [19])]]
 
A '''Google matrix''' is a particular [[stochastic matrix]] that is used by [[Google]]'s [[PageRank]] algorithm. The matrix represents a graph with edges representing links between pages. The rank of each page can be generated iteratively from the Google matrix using the [[power method]]. However, in order for the power method to converge, the matrix must be stochastic, [[Irreducible (mathematics)|irreducible]] and [[aperiodic]].
 
==Adjacency matrix ''A'' and Markov matrix ''S''==
In order to generate the Google matrix ''G'', we must first generate an adjacency  matrix ''A'' which represents the relations between pages or nodes.
 
Assuming there are ''N'' pages, we can fill out ''A'' by doing the following:
 
# A matrix element <math>A_{i, j}</math> is filled with 1 if node <math>j</math> has a link to node <math>i</math>, and 0 otherwise; this is the adjacency matrix of links.
# A related matrix ''S'' corresponding to the transitions in a [[Markov chain#Properties of Markov chains|Markov chain]] of given network is constructed from ''A''  by dividing the elements of column "j" by a number of <math>k_j</math> where <math>k_j</math> is the total number of outgoing links from  node&nbsp;''j'' to all other nodes. The columns having zero matrix elements, corresponding to dangling nodes, are replaced by a constant value ''1/N''. Such a procedure adds a link from every sink, dangling state <math> a </math> to every other node.
# Now by the construction the sum of all elements in any column of matrix ''S'' is equal to unity. In this way the matrix ''S'' is mathematically well defined and it belongs to the class of Markov chains and the class of Perron-Frobenius operators. That makes ''S'' suitable for the [[PageRank]] algorithm.  
 
 
==Construction of Google matrix ''G'' ==
[[Image:Googlematrixcambridge2006.jpg|thumb|260px|  Fig.2. Google matrix of Cambridge University network (2006), coarse-grained matrix elements are written in the bases of PageRank index, total size N=212710 is shown (from [19])]]
 
Then the final Google matrix G can be expressed via ''S'' as:
 
: <math>G_{ij} = \alpha S_{ij} + (1-\alpha) \frac{1}{N}  \;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\;\; (1) </math>
 
By the construction the sum of all non-negative elements inside each matrix column is equal to unity. The numerical coefficient  <math>\alpha </math> is known as a damping factor.
 
Usually  ''S'' is a sparse matrix and for modern directed networks it has only about ten nonzero elements in a line or column, thus only about 10''N'' multiplications are needed to multiply a vector by matrix&nbsp;''G''[1,2].  
 
==Examples of Google matrix==
An example of the matrix <math>S </math> construction via Eq.(1) within a simple network is given in the article [[CheiRank]].
 
For the actual matrix, Google uses a damping factor <math>\alpha</math> around 0.85 [1,2,3]. The term <math>(1-\alpha)</math> gives a surfer probability to jump randomly on any page. The matrix <math>G</math> belongs to the class of Perron-Frobenius operators of [[Markov chains]] [1]. The examples of Google matrix structure are shown in Fig.1 for Wikipedia articles hyperlink network in 2009 at small scale
and in Fig.2 for University of Cambridge network in 2006 at large scale.
 
==Spectrum and eigenstates of ''G'' matrix==
[[Image:Googlematrixcambridge2006spectrum.gif|thumb|280px|  Fig3. The spectrum of eigenvalues of the Google matrix of University of Cambridge from Fig.2 at
<math> \alpha=1 </math>, blue points show eigenvalues of isolated subspaces,
red points show eigenvalues of core component (from [14])]]
 
For <math>0 < \alpha < 1 </math> there is only one maximal eigenvalue
<math> \lambda =1</math> with the corresponding right eigenvector
which has non-negative elements <math> P_i </math> which can be viewed as
stationary probability distribution [1]. These probabilities
ordered by their decreasing values give the PageRank vector
<math> P_i </math> with the RageRank <math> K_i </math> used
by Google search to rank webpages. Usually one has for the World Wide Web
that <math> P \propto 1/K^{\beta}</math>
with <math> \beta \approx 0.9 </math>. The number of nodes with
a given PageRank value scales as <math> N_P \propto 1/P^\nu </math>
with the exponent <math> \nu = 1+1/\beta \approx 2.1 </math> [4,5].
The left eigenvector at <math> \lambda =1</math> has constant matrix elements.
With <math>0 < \alpha </math> all eigenvalues move as
<math> \lambda_i  \rightarrow \alpha \lambda_i </math> except
the maximal eigenvalue <math> \lambda =1</math>, which remains unchanged [1].
The PageRank vector varies with <math> \alpha </math> but other eigenvectors
with <math> \lambda_i < 1 </math> remain unchanged due to their orthogonality
to the constant left vector at <math> \lambda = 1 </math>.
The gap between <math> \lambda = 1 </math> and other eigenvalue is
<math> 1 - \alpha \approx 0.15</math> gives a rapid convergence of a random initial vector to the PageRank approximately after 50 multiplications
on <math> G </math> matrix.
 
[[Image:Googlematrix1.jpg|thumb|350px|  Fig4. Distribution of eigenvalues <math> \lambda_i </math>  of Google matrices in the complex plane at <math> \alpha= 1 </math> for dictionary networks: Roget (A, N=1022), ODLIS (B, N=2909) and FOLDOC (C, N=13356); UK university WWW networks: University of Wales (Cardiff) (D, N=2778), Birmingham City University (E, N=10631), Keele University (Staffordshire) (F, N=11437), Nottingham Trent University (G, N=12660), Liverpool John Moores University (H, N=13578)(data for universities are for 2002) (from [7])]]
 
At <math> \alpha=1 </math> the matrix <math> G </math>
has generally many degenerate eigenvalues <math> \lambda =1 </math>
(see e.g. [6,7]). Examples of the eigenvalue spectrum of the Google matrix of various directed networks is shown in Fig.3 from [14] and Fig.4 from [7].
 
The Google matrix can be also constructed for the Ulam networks generated by the Ulam method [8] for dynamical maps. The spectral properties of such matrices are discussed in [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. In a number of cases the spectrum is described by the fractal Weyl law [10,12].  
 
[[Image:Googlematrix2.jpg|thumb|280px|  Fig5. Distribution of eigenvalues <math> \lambda </math> in the complex plane for the Google matrix <math> G </math> of the Linux Kernel version 2.6.32 with matrix size <math> N=285509 </math> at <math> \alpha=0.85</math>, unit circle is shown by solid curve (from [16])]]
 
[[Image:Googlematrix3.gif|thumb|280px|  Fig.6 Coarse-grained probability distribution for the eigenstates of the Google matrix for Linux Kernel version 2.6.32. The horizontal lines show the first 64 eigenvectors ordered vertically by <math> |\lambda_i| </math>  (from [16])]]
 
The Google matrix can be constructed also for other directed networks, e.g. for the procedure call network of the Linux Kernel software introduced in [15]. In this case the spectrum of <math> \lambda </math> is described by the fractal Weyl law with the fractal dimension <math> d \approx 1.3 </math> (see Fig.5 from [16]). Numerical analysis shows that the eigenstates of matrix <math> G </math> are localized (see Fig.6 from [16]). [[Arnoldi iteration]] method allows to compute many eigenvalues and eigenvectors for matrices of rather large size [13,14,16].
 
Other examples of <math> G </math> matrix  include the Google matrix of brain [17]
and business process management [18], see also [19]. Applications of Google matrix analysis to
DNA sequences is described in [20]. Such a Google matrix approach allows also to analyze entanglement of cultures via ranking of multilingual Wikipedia articles abouts persons [21]
 
==Historical notes==
The Google matrix with damping factor was described by [[Sergey Brin]] and [[Larry Page]] in 1998 [22], see also articles [[PageRank]] and [23],[24].
 
== See also ==
* [[PageRank]], [[CheiRank]]
* [[Arnoldi iteration]]
* [[Markov chain]], [[Transfer operator]], [[Perron–Frobenius theorem]]
* [[Web search engines]]
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last= [1] Langville|first= Amity N |coauthors= Carl Meyer|title= [[Google's PageRank and Beyond]] |publisher= [[Princeton University Press]] |year= 2006 |isbn= 0-691-12202-4 }}
* {{Cite web
| last = [2] Austin | first =  David
| publisher = AMS Feature Columns
| title =  How Google Finds Your Needle in the Web's Haystack
| url = http://www.ams.org/samplings/feature-column/fcarc-pagerank
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2008
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [3] Law | first =  Edith
| title = PageRank
| url = http://scienceoftheweb.org/15-396/lectures/PageRank_Lecture12.pdf
|format=PDF| year = 2008
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [4] Donato D. |coauthors= Laura L., Leonardi S., Millozzi S.
| publisher = Eur. Phys. J. B v.38, p.239
| title =  Large scale properties of the Webgraph
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2004
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [5] Pandurangan G. |coauthors= Ranghavan P., Upfal E.
| publisher = Internet Math. v.3, p. 1
| title =  Using PageRank to Characterize Web Structure
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2005
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [6] Serra-Capizzano | first =  Stefano
| publisher = SIAM J. Matrix. Anal. Appl. v.27, p.305
| title =  Jordan Canonical Form  of the  Google  Matrix: a Potential Contribution to the PageRank Computation
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2005
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [7] Georgeot B. |coauthors= Giraud O., Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = Phys. Rev. E v.81, p.056109
| title =  Spectral properties of the Google matrix of the World Wide Web and other directed networks
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [8] Ulam | first =  Stanislaw
| publisher = Interscience, New York p.73
| title =  A Collection of mathematical problems, Interscience tracs in pure and applied mathematics
|format= <!--None-->| year = 1960
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [9] Froyland G. |coauthors= Padberg K.
| publisher = Physica D v.238, p.1507
| title =  Almost-invariant sets and invariant manifolds — Connecting probabilistic and geometric descriptions of coherent structures in flows
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2009
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [10] Shepelyansky D.L. |coauthors= Zhirov O.V.
| publisher = Phys. Rev. E v.81, p.036213
| title =  Google matrix, dynamical attractors and Ulam networks
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [11] Ermann L. |coauthors= Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = Phys. Rev. E v.81, p.036221
| title =  Google matrix and Ulam networks of intermittency maps
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [12] Ermann L. |coauthors= Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = Eur. Phys. J. B v.75, p.299
| title =  Ulam method and fractal Weyl law for Perron-Frobenius operators
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [13] Frahm K.M. |coauthors= Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = Eur. Phys. J. B v.76, p.57
| title =  Ulam method for the Chirikov standard map
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = [14] Frahm K.M.| coauthors= Georgeot B, Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = J. Phys. A: Mat. Theor. v.44, p.465101
| arxiv = 1105.1062
| title =  Universal emergence of PageRank
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2011
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = [15] Chepelianskii | first =  Alexei D.
| arxiv = 1003.5455
| title =  Towards physical laws for software architecture
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [16] Ermann L. |coauthors= Chepelianskii A.D., Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = Eur. Phys. J. B v.79, p.115
| arxiv=1005.1395
| title =  Fractal Weyl law for Linux Kernel Architecture
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2011
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [17] Shepelyansky D.L. |coauthors= Zhirov O.V.
| publisher = Phys. Lett. A v.374, p.3206
| title =  Towards Google matrix of brain
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [18] Abel M. |coauthors= Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = Eur. Phys. J. B v.84, p.493
| arxiv=1009.2631
| title =  Google matrix of business process management
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2011
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = [19] Ermann L.| coauthors= Chepelianskii A.D, Shepelyansky D.L.
| arxiv = 1106.6215
| title =  Towards two-dimensional search engines
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2011
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [20] Kandiah V. |coauthors= Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = PLOS ONE  v.8(5): e61519
| title =  Google matrix analysis of DNA sequences
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2013
| url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0061519
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [21] Eom Y.-H. |coauthors= Shepelyansky D.L.
| publisher = PLOS ONE  v.8(10): e74554
| title =  Highlighting entanglement of cultures via ranking of multilingual Wikipedia articles
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2013
| url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0074554
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [22] Brin S. |coauthors= Page L.
| publisher = Computer Networks and ISDN Systems v.30, p.107
| title =  The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine
|format= <!--None-->| year = 1998
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite journal
| last = [23] Franceschet | first =  Massimo
| arxiv = 1002.2858
| title =  PageRank: Standing on the shoulders of giants
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
* {{Cite web
| last = [24] Vigna | first =  Sebastiano
| publisher = personal webpage
| url = http://vigna.dsi.unimi.it/ftp/papers/SpectralRanking.pdf
| title =  Spectral Ranking
|format= <!--None-->| year = 2010
| postscript = <!--None-->
}}
{{refend}}
 
[[Category:Google|Matrix]]
[[Category:Link analysis]]
[[Category:Markov models]]

Revision as of 15:55, 7 February 2014

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