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The Western text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the term given to the predominant form of the New Testament text witnessed in the Old Latin and Peshitta translations from the Greek; and also in quotations from certain 2nd and 3rd-century Christian writers, including Cyprian, Tertullian and Irenaeus. The Western text had a large number of characteristic features, which appeared in text of the Gospels, Book of Acts, and in Pauline epistles. The Catholic epistles and the Book of Revelation probably did not have a Western form of text. It was named "Western" by Semmler (1725–1791), having originated in early centers of Christianity in the Western Roman Empire.

Description

The main characteristic of the Western text is a love of paraphrase: "Words and even clauses are changed, omitted, and inserted with surprising freedom, wherever it seemed that the meaning could be brought out with greater force and definiteness." One possible source of glossing is the desire to harmonise and to complete: "More peculiar to the Western text is the readiness to adopt alterations or additions from sources extraneous to the books which ultimately became canonical." This text often presents longer variants of text, but in few places, including the end of the Gospel of Luke, it has shorter variants, named Western non-interpolations.

Only one Greek Uncial manuscript is considered to transmit a Western text for the four Gospels and the Book of Acts – the fifth century Codex Bezae; while the sixth century Codex Claromontanus is considered to transmit a Western text for the letters of Saint Paul, and is followed in this by two ninth century Uncials: F and G. Many "Western" readings are also found in the Old Syriac translations of the Gospels, the Sinaitic and the Curetonian, though opinions vary as to whether these versions can be considered witnesses to the Western text-type. A number of fragmentary early papyri from Egypt also have Western readings, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³⁸, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁸; and in addition, Codex Sinaiticus is considered to be Western in the first eight chapters of John. The term "Western" is a bit of a misnomer because members of the Western text-type have been found in the Christian East, including Syria.

Witnesses

Sign	Name	Date	Content
${\mathfrak {P}}$37	Papyrus 37	ca. 300	fragment of Matt 26
${\mathfrak {P}}$38	Papyrus Michigan	c. 300	fragment of Acts
${\mathfrak {P}}$48	Papyrus 48	3rd	fragment of Acts 23
${\mathfrak {P}}$69	Oxyrhynchus XXIV	3rd	fragment of Luke 22
0171		4th	fragments Matt and Luke
(01) ﬡ	{Codex Sinaiticus}	4th	John 1:1–8:38
Dea (05)	Codex Bezae	c. 400	Gospels and Acts
W (032)	Codex Washingtonianus	5th	Mark 1:1–5:30
Dp (06)	Codex Claromontanus	6th	Acts, CE, and Pauline Epistles
Fp (010)	Codex Augiensis	9th	Pauline Epistles
Gp (012)	Codex Boernerianus	9th	Pauline Epistles

Other manuscripts: ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁹ (?), ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴¹, 066, 0177, 36, 88, 181 (Pauline epistles), 255, 257, 338, 383 (Acts), 440 (Acts), 614 (Acts), 913, 915, 917, 1108, 1245, 1518, 1611, 1739, 1836, 1874, 1898, 1912, 2138, 2298, 2412 (Acts).

Compared to the Byzantine text-type distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely to be abrupt in their Greek expression. Compared to the Alexandrian text-type distinctive Western readings in the Gospels are more likely display glosses, additional details, and instances where the original passages appear to be replaced with longer paraphrases. In distinction from both Alexandrian and Byzantine texts, the Western text-type consistently omits a series of eight short phrases from verses in the Gospel of Luke; the so-called Western non-interpolations. In at least two Western texts, the Gospels appear in a variant order: Matthew, John, Luke, Mark. The Western text of the Epistles of Paul - as witnessed in the Codex Claromontanus and uncials F and G - does not share the periphrastic tendencies of the Western text in the Gospels and Acts, and it is not clear whether they should be considered to share a single text-type.

Although the Western text-type survives in relatively few witnesses, some of these are every bit as early as the earliest witnesses to the Alexandrian text type. Nevertheless, the majority of text critics consider the Western text in the Gospels to be characterised by periphrasis and expansion; and accordingly tend to prefer the Alexandrian readings. In the letters of St Paul, the counterpart Western text is more restrained, and a number of text critics regard it as the most reliable witness to the original.

Textual variants

Mark 13:2

• και μετα τριων ημερων αλλος αναστησεται ανευ χειρων — D W it

Mark 13:33

• omitted phrase και προσευχεσυε (and pray) by codices B, D, a, c, k

Mark 15:34 (see Ps 22:2)

• ὠνείδισάς με (insult me) — D, it^{c, (i), k}, syr^h
• ἐγκατέλιπές με (forsaken me) — Alexandrian mss
• με ἐγκατέλιπες (see Mt 27:46) — Byzantine mss

John 1:4

• ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ἐστίν (in him is life) — Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Bezae and some Vetus Latina and Sahidic manuscripts.
• ἐν αὐτῷ ζωὴ ᾓν (in him was life) — this variant is supported by mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts

John 1:30:

• ὑπὲρ — p⁵, p⁶⁶, p⁷⁵, Sinaiticus*, Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, C*, W^S
• περι — Sinaiticus², A, C³, L, Θ, Ψ, 063, 0101, f¹, f¹³, Byz

John 1:34

• ὁ ἐκλεκτός — p⁵, Sinaiticus, i^tb,e,ff2, syr^c,s
• ὁ ἐκλεκτός ὑιος — it^{a, ff2c}, syr^palmss, cop^sa
• ὁ ὑιος — mss of the Alexandrian, Byzantine and Caesarean texts

John 3:15

• ἐν αὐτῷ — p⁷⁵, B, W^S, 083, 0113
• ἐπ' αὐτῷ — p⁶³, A
• εἰς αὐτον — p⁶³, Sinaiticus, A, Koridethi, Athous Lavrensis, 063, 086, f¹, f¹³, Byz

John 7:8

• εγω ουκ αναβαινω εις την εορτην ταυτην — Sinaiticus, Bezae, Cyprius, Petropolitanus, 1071, 1079, 1241, 1242, 1546
• εγω ουπω αναβαινω εις την εορτην ταυτην — Papyrus 66, Papyrus 75, Vaticanus, Regius, Borgianus, Washingtonianus, Monacensis, Sangallensis, Koridethi, Athous Lavrensis, Uncial 0105, 0180, 0250, f¹, f¹³, 28, 700, 892, 1010, 1195, 1216, 1230, 1253, 1344, 1365, 1646, 2148, mss of Byz.

Romans 12:11

• it reads καιρω for κυριω, – Codex Claromontanus*, Codex Augiensis, Codex Boernerianus 5 it ^d,g, Origen^lat.

1 Corinthians 7:5

• τη προσευχη (prayer) – ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 6, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth
• τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) – א^c, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr^p,h, goth
• τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting) – 330, 451, John of Damascus

See also

• Categories of New Testament manuscripts
• Alexandrian text-type
• Byzantine text-type
• Caesarean text-type
• Western non-interpolations
• Acts of the Apostles#Text

Notes

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Bibliography

• J. Rendel Harris, Four lectures on the western text of the New Testament (London 1894)
• A. F. J. Klijn, A Survey of the Researches Into the Western Text of the Gospels and Acts (1949-1959), Novum Testamentum, Volume 3, Numbers 1-2, 1959, pp. 1-53.
• Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford 2005, pp. 276-277.
• Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary On The Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume To The United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 5*-6*.
• Delobel J., Focus on the ‘Western’ Text in Recent Studies, Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses, 1997, vol.73, pp. 401-410.

External links

• Western text at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism
• The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles (1923)
• The Western Non-Interpolations Template:Dead
• Hort's Theory of 'Western Non-Interpolations