Explicit formulae (L-function): Difference between revisions

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In [[physics]] and [[engineering]], '''surface power density''' or sometimes simply '''specific power'''<ref>[http://physics.nist.gov/Pubs/SP811/sec04.html]</ref> is [[power (physics)|power]] per unit [[area]].
 
==Applications==
* The intensity of [[electromagnetic waves|electromagnetic radiation]] can be expressed in W/m<sup>2</sup>. An example of such a quantity is the [[solar constant]].
* [[Wind turbine]]s are often compared using a specific power measuring watts per [[square meter]] of turbine disk area, which is <math>\pi r^{2}</math>, where ''r'' is the length of a blade. This measure is also commonly used for [[Photovoltaic module|solar panel]]s, at least for typical applications.
* [[Radiance]] is surface power density per unit of solid angle (steradians) in a specific direction. [[Spectral radiance]] is radiance per unit of frequency (Hertz) at a specific frequency.
 
===Electromagnetic wave===
As an electromagnetic wave travels through space, energy is transferred from the source to other objects (receivers). The rate of this energy transfer depends on the strength of the EM field components. Simply put, the rate of energy transfer per unit area (power density) is the product of the electric field strength (E) times the magnetic field strength (H).<ref name=OSHA-Pwr-density/>
 
:Pd (Watts/meter<sup>2</sup>) = E × H (Volts/meter × Amperes/meter)
where
:Pd = the power density,
:E = the RMS electric field strength in volts per meter,
:H = the RMS magnetic field strength in amperes per meter.<ref name=OSHA-Pwr-density/>
 
The above equation yields units of W/m<sup>2</sup> . The units of mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, are more often used when making surveys. One mW/cm<sup>2</sup> is the same power density as 10 W/m<sup>2</sup>. The following equation can be used to obtain these units directly:<ref name=OSHA-Pwr-density/>
 
:Pd = 0.1 × E × H mW/cm<sup>2</sup>
 
The simplified relationships stated above apply at distances of about two or more wavelengths from the radiating source. This distance can be a far distance at low frequencies, and is called the far field. Here the ratio between E and H becomes a fixed constant (377 Ohms) and is called the [[characteristic impedance of free space]]. Under these conditions we can determine the power density by measuring only the E field component (or H field component, if you prefer) and calculating the power density from it.<ref name=OSHA-Pwr-density/>
 
This fixed relationship is useful for measuring radio frequency or microwave (electromagnetic) fields.Since power is the rate of energy transfer, and the squares of E and H are proportional to power, E<sup>2</sup> and H<sup>2</sup> are proportional to the energy transfer rate and the energy absorption of a given material.<ref name=OSHA-Pwr-density>
{{Cite web
  | last =OSHA| first =Cincinnati Technical Center| title =Electromagnetic Radiation and How It Affects Your Instruments. Units. | publisher =U.S. Dept of Labor| date =May 20, 1990
| url=http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/electromagnetic_fieldmemo/electromagnetic.html#section_2| format =Department of Labor - Public Domain content. Most of the content referenced by this work in this article is copied from a public domain document. In addition, this paper is a
[http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/electromagnetic_fieldmemo/electromagnetic.html#reference_x referenced work]| accessdate =2010-05-09}}</ref>
 
====Far field====
 
The region extending farther than about 2 [[wavelength]]s away from the source is called the [[far field]]. As the source emits [[electromagnetic radiation]] of a given wavelength, the far-field  [[electric field|electric component]] of the wave '''''E''''', the far-field [[magnetic field|magnetic component]] '''''H''''', and '''''power density''''' are related by the equations: E = H × 377 and Pd = E × H.
 
:Pd = H<sup>2</sup>   × 377 and Pd = E<sup>2</sup> ÷ 377
::where Pd is the power density in watts per square meter (one W/m<sup>2</sup> is equal to 0.1 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>),
::H<sup>2</sup> =  the square of the value of the magnetic field in amperes RMS squared per meter squared,
::E<sup>2</sup> =  the square of the value of the electric field in volts RMS squared per meter squared.<ref name=OSHA-Pwr-density/>
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Engineering]]

Latest revision as of 04:56, 17 December 2014

With growing property prices sky rocketing in Singapore and the Singapore authorities very keen to cool property costs to make it extra affordable to most of the people, many buyers are now taking a look at different destinations for property investments.

Stamp responsibility is imposed on documents executed for the sale and buy of a property. Obligation will likely be computed on the acquisition value or market value of the property (whichever is greater). Our belief is that property funding is without doubt one of the finest ways for a median particular person to build substantial wealth - if completed appropriately. In reality 1 out of 6 households in Singapore are millionaires and most of these household millionaires would attribute their wealth by investing into the correct properties at the right time. Jun 17 D9 Boutiq@Killiney FH Rental For Sale $2026000 / 2br - 883ft² - (Killiney Street) pic real property - by broker Jun 17 Orchard Conservation House For Sale $6350000 / 2500ft² - (Emerald Hill) actual estate - by dealer Property Tax see under Wheelock Properties

With rapid access to the multinational business and financial establishments, the residence gives optimum convenience of location. Surrounding the residence is a myriad of unique destinations from the nightlife of Clarke Quay and Boat Quay to the internationally renowned Esplanade – Theatres on the Bay. The historical food courtroom, Lau Pa Sat presents distinct native flavour in addition to the lights and festivities along the Singapore River. Enterprise and leisure is easy whereas staying at the Ascott Singapore's serviced suites.

The sustainability and longevity of a challenge is decided by the experience in protecting and sustaining the project's pursuits. KPMS, a subsidiary of Hong Leong Holdings Ltd, is liable for securing and making certain the smooth operation of all property services from HLHL. KPMS offers professional administration and upkeep companies, akin to safety,hearth security, automotive park management, mechanical/electrical maintenance of the properties and accounting providers. KPMS is also a registered contractor with the Building and Building Authority (BCA) and has secured a grade "A" in the Safety Company Grading Exercise 2008.

With these new websites which promise higher expertise to customers using their service, users are definitely spoilt for decisions. One thing's for certain, there are undoubtedly no lack of internet sites for you to search for flats or potential housemates in Singapore now. Bush and the Tangs have been longtime business partners best condo in singapore Oregon-primarily based American Pacific American Pacific International Capital (APIC), which owns and runs a number of hotels together with Hotel Metropolis and Lodge Vertigo in California. It has different actual belongings in China, the U.S. (Oregon), Hong Kong and Singapore. Prices for public housing on the resale market have risen, while these for private property have moderated for the second quarter of 2008. Past Property Public sale Lists Tat Aik Property Pte Ltd

Property patrons from China might not continue their shopping for spree in Singapore. As it is, I am beginning to listen to from some Chinese language business house owners that there's increasing difficulty for them to acquire loans in China. And some of them already know of friends who are starting to have cashflow problems in China. So if China enterprise house owners have cashflow issues, do you think they'll have the power or willingness to proceed snapping up properties in Singapore in 2012 and 2013? Probably not.

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