Fanning friction factor

From my experience and statement, the dimensions of the condominium land performs a giant consider helping assist the asset value of a luxurious apartment over time. After some time they're look the same with small land, one high-rise tower equipped with the most recent brandname fittings and limited automobile park.

Since Ground to Flooring peak is at all times > Flooring to Ceiling heights, some developers prefer to quote the floor to flooring top. Again, we must always examine between developments utilizing ground to ceiling heights. Core Central Region (CCR) > Central (or RCR, Rest of central region) > Remainder of Singapore (or OCR, Outside Central Area) Since students that dwell inside 1km or 2km to a school gets entry precedence to that school, proximity to good faculties adds to the worth of the event. Information to the shopping for process Guide me by way of the process of shopping for accomplished properties (rental/property already built liao). I need to have a minimum of an idea of it! The lawyer's fees don't embrace stamp charges or disbursements correctly incurred bythe lawyer. Promoting Your Home or Flat

One other distinguished actual property developer is Keppel Land Restricted. It contributes to Singapore's skyline with landmark developments such as the Ocean Monetary Centre and Marina Bay Financial Centre within the Central Enterprise District. The company is also Asia's premier dwelling developer with world-class iconic waterfront properties at Keppel Bay and Marina Bay. It has a land financial institution of about a hundred thirty million sq. toes with a pipeline of about 70,000 homes across Asia and the Center East to faucet into the demand for quality housing pushed by residence ownership aspirations.

Philip Ng, who holds degrees in civil and geotechnical engineering in addition to metropolis planning, has over the previous decade or so spruced up the corporate in Singapore and hired many professionals. The group has developed many award-successful buildings. United Abroad Financial institution Group chairman Wee Cho Yaw described Mr Ng as 'an previous pal of more than 50 years' who had 'an intuitive aptitude for reading property cycles'. Even the biggest property corporations in Hong Kong take their hats off to his firm in Hong Kong, where it enjoys a excessive standing,' Mr Liew added. Ng Teng Fong, one in every of Asia's richest tycoons and the founder and chairman of Singapore's largest unlisted property group, Far East Group, died Tuesday aged 82, the developer said. SB Improvement Pte Ltd

Relying whether you might be buying the property for own keep or funding, location performs an important function. Properties in prime districts retain their value very nicely and they usually have the very best property developers in singapore capital achieve in a bullish property market. Properties in the suburbs are lower in value and could also be more suitable for own keep than funding. In case you can buying the property for investment, the properties in prime districts like district 09, 10, eleven or the Central Business District are the most secure purchase. Properties with sea view on the East Coast are also great for a resort residence or investment.

Only Singapore citizens and accredited persons can purchase Landed 'residential property'as outlined within the Residential Properties Act. Foreigners are eligible to purchaseunits in condominiums or residences which aren't landed dwelling homes. Foreignerswho wish to purchase landed property in Singapore should first search the approval ofthe Controller of Residential Property. Your Lawyer's Role in a Property Purchase Pending completion of your buy, your lawyer will lodge a caveat towards the title to the property - this serves to notify the public (and any third occasion fascinated in the property) that you've a legitimate interest or claim to the title of the property arising from the contract for the sale and purchase. Property was all the time on his thoughts Property

The primary week makes or breaks a developer. A perceived excessive take up price within the first week of launch helps gross sales tremendously. Nothing helps gross sales greater than a headline title of "80% of launch property bought over the weekend". That keeps enthusiasm for the mission for the remainder of the week when folks flock to see the show flat subsequently. Ascendas Pte Ltd - This property improvement firm in Singapore presents actual property services that embrace mission management, renovation, estate and property management. Along with this, it also manages non-public real estate funds. What's non-restricted residential property underneath the Residential Property Act Sale and lease of non-residential properties are subject to GST. Financing your Property EC web site attracts S$a hundred and seventy.1m bid

Mr Brooke, for one, expects prices in urban areas to rise 15 per cent within the subsequent two years, while he sees prices in outlying areas taking one other three-four years to get well. - 2002 April sixteen by Audrey Tan Singapore Business Instances Does anyone have any info /expertise of the property market in Singapore? My partner and I want to transfer there soon and have seen a great place we like nonetheless we actually do not know if the market has reached its peak or whether it's imagined to proceed to rise. Keppel Land is Asia's premier house developer with world-class iconic waterfront residences at Keppel Bay and Marina Bay in Singapore. Hedges Park, a brand new condominium by Hong Leong Group with impressive full facilities. Shaw Properties (1997) Pte Ltd Yeo Hiap Seng Limited

An example of the 2D wavelet transform that is used in JPEG2000

Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet are the historically first family of biorthogonal wavelets, which was made popular by Ingrid Daubechies. These are not the same as the orthogonal Daubechies wavelets, and also not very similar in shape and properties. However their construction idea is the same.

The JPEG 2000 compression standard uses the biorthogonal CDF 5/3 wavelet (also called the LeGall 5/3 wavelet) for lossless compression and a CDF 9/7 wavelet for lossy compression.

Properties

• The primal generator is a B-spline if the simple factorization $q_{\mathrm {prim} }(X)=1$ (see below) is chosen
• The dual generator has the maximum number of smoothness factors which is possible for its length.
• All generators and wavelets in this family are symmetric.

Construction

For every positive integer A there exists a unique polynomial $Q_{A}(X)$ of degree A−1 satisfying the identity

$(1-X/2)^{A}\,Q_{A}(X)+(X/2)^{A}\,Q_{A}(2-X)=1$.

This is the same polynomial as used in the construction of the Daubechies wavelets. But, instead of a spectral factorization, here we try to factor

$Q_{A}(X)=q_{\mathrm {prim} }(X)\,q_{\mathrm {dual} }(X)$,

where the factors are polynomials with real coefficients and constant coefficient 1. Then,

$a_{\mathrm {prim} }(Z)=2Z^{d}\,\left({\frac {1+Z}{2}}\right)^{A}\,q_{\mathrm {prim} }(1-(Z+Z^{-1})/2)$

and

$a_{\mathrm {dual} }(Z)=2Z^{d}\,\left({\frac {1+Z}{2}}\right)^{A}\,q_{\mathrm {dual} }(1-(Z+Z^{-1})/2)$

form a biorthogonal pair of scaling sequences. d is some integer used to center the symmetric sequences at zero or to make the corresponding discrete filters causal.

Depending on the roots of $Q_{A}(X)$, there may be up to $2^{A-1}$ different factorizations. A simple factorization is $q_{\mathrm {prim} }(X)=1$ and $q_{\mathrm {dual} }(X)=Q_{A}(X)$, then the $\mathrm {primary}$ scaling function is the B-spline of order A−1. For A=1 one obtains the orthogonal Haar wavelet.

Tables of coefficients

Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet 5/3 used in JPEG 2000 standard.

For A=2 one obtains in this way the LeGall 5/3-wavelet:

A	QA(X)	qprim(X)	qdual(X)	aprim(Z)	adual(Z)
2	$1+X$	1	$1+X$	${\frac {1}{2}}(1+Z)^{2}\,Z$	${\frac {1}{2}}(1+Z)^{2}\,\left(-{\frac {1}{2}}+2\,Z-{\frac {1}{2}}\,Z^{2}\right)$

---

For A=4 one obtains the 9/7-CDF-wavelet. One gets $Q_{4}(X)=1+2\,X+5/2\,X^{2}+5/2\,X^{3}$, this polynomial has exactly one real root, thus it is the product of a linear factor $1-c\,X$ and a quadratic factor. The coefficient c, which is the inverse of the root, has an approximate value of −1.4603482098.

A	QA(X)	qprim(X)	qdual(X)
4	$1+2\,X+5/2\,X^{2}+5/2\,X^{3}$	$1-c\,X$	$1+(c+2)*\,X+(c^{2}+2*c+5/2)\,X^{2}$

For the coefficients of the centered scaling and wavelet sequences one gets numerical values in an implementation–friendly form

k	Analysis lowpass filter (1/2 adual)	Analysis highpass filter (bdual)	Synthesis lowpass filter (aprim)	Synthesis highpass filter (1/2 bprim)
-4	0.026748757411	0	0	0.026748757411
-3	-0.016864118443	0.091271763114	-0.091271763114	0.016864118443
-2	-0.078223266529	-0.057543526229	-0.057543526229	-0.078223266529
-1	0.266864118443	-0.591271763114	0.591271763114	-0.266864118443
0	0.602949018236	1.11508705	1.11508705	0.602949018236
1	0.266864118443	-0.591271763114	0.591271763114	-0.266864118443
2	-0.078223266529	-0.057543526229	-0.057543526229	-0.078223266529
3	-0.016864118443	0.091271763114	-0.091271763114	0.016864118443
4	0.026748757411	0	0	0.026748757411

Numbering

There are two concurring numbering schemes for wavelets of the CDF family.

• the number of smoothness factors of the lowpass filters, or equivalently the number of vanishing moments of the highpass filters, e.g. 2,2
• the sizes of the lowpass filters, or equivalently the sizes of the highpass filters, e.g. 5,3

The first numbering was used in Daubechies' book Ten lectures on wavelets. Neither of this numbering is unique. The number of vanishing moments does not tell about the chosen factorization. A filterbank with filter sizes 7 and 9 can have 6 and 2 vanishing moments when using the trivial factorization, or 4 and 4 vanishing moments as it is the case for the JPEG 2000 wavelet. The same wavelet may therefore be referred to as "CDF 9/7" (based on the filter sizes) or "biorthogonal 4.4" (based on the vanishing moments).

Lifting decomposition

For the trivially factorized filterbanks a lifting decomposition can be explicitly given.

Even number of smoothness factors

Let $n$ be the number of smoothness factors in the B-spline lowpass filter, which shall be even.

Then define recursively

$a_{0}={\frac {1}{n}}$

$a_{m}={\frac {1}{(n^{2}-4\cdot m^{2})\cdot a_{m-1}}}$

The lifting filters are

$s_{m}(z)=a_{m}\cdot (2\cdot m+1)\cdot (1+z^{(-1)^{m}})$

Conclusively the interim results of the lifting are

$x_{-1}(z)=z$

$x_{0}(z)=1$

$x_{m+1}(z)=x_{m-1}(z)+a_{m}\cdot (2\cdot m+1)\cdot (z+z^{-1})\cdot z^{(-1)^{m}}\cdot x_{m}(z)$

which leads to

$x_{n/2}(z)=2^{-n/2}\cdot (1+z)^{n}\cdot z^{n/2{\bmod {2}}-n/2}$

The filters $x_{n/2}$ and $x_{n/2-1}$ constitute the CDF-n,0 filterbank.

Odd number of smoothness factors

Now, let $n$ be odd.

Then define recursively

$a_{0}={\frac {1}{n}}$

$a_{m}={\frac {1}{(n^{2}-(2\cdot m-1)^{2})\cdot a_{m-1}}}$

The lifting filters are

$s_{m}(z)=a_{m}\cdot ((2\cdot m+1)+(2\cdot m-1)\cdot z)/z^{m{\bmod {2}}}$

Conclusively the interim results of the lifting are

$x_{-1}(z)=z$

$x_{0}(z)=1$

$x_{1}(z)=x_{-1}(z)+a_{0}\cdot x_{0}(z)$

$x_{m+1}(z)=x_{m-1}(z)+a_{m}\cdot ((2\cdot m+1)\cdot z+(2\cdot m-1)\cdot z^{-1})\cdot z^{(-1)^{m}}\cdot x_{m}(z)$

which leads to

$x_{(n+1)/2}(z)\sim (1+z)^{n}$

where we neglect the translation and the constant factor.

The filters $x_{(n+1)/2}$ and $x_{(n-1)/2}$ constitute the CDF-n,1 filterbank.

Applications

The Cohen-Daubechies-Feauveau wavelet and other biorthogonal wavelets have been used to compress fingerprint scans for the FBI. A standard for compressing fingerprints in this way was developed by Tom Hopper (FBI), Jonathan Bradley (Los Alamos National Laboratory) and Chris Brislawn (Los Alamos National Laboratory). By using wavelets, a compression ratio of around 20 to 1 can be achieved, meaning a 10MB image could be reduced to as little as 500KB while still passing recognition tests.

External links

• JPEG 2000: How does it work?
• Fast discrete CDF 9/7 wavelet transform source code in C language (lifting implementation)
• CDF 9/7 Wavelet Transform for 2D Signals via Lifting: Source code in Python