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{{Infobox particle
| bgcolour =
| name = Neutralino
| image =
| caption =
| num_types =
| classification =
| composition =
| statistics =
| group =
| generation =
| interaction =
| particle =
| antiparticle =
| status =
| theorized =
| discovered =
| symbol = {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 1}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 2}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 3}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 4}}
| mass =
| mean_lifetime =
| decay_particle =
| electric_charge =
| charge_radius =
| electric_dipole_moment =
| electric_polarizability =
| magnetic_moment =
| magnetic_polarizability =
| color_charge =
| spin =
| num_spin_states =
| lepton_number =
| baryon_number =
| strangeness =
| charm =
| bottomness =
| topness =
| isospin =
| weak_isospin =
| weak_isospin_3 =
| hypercharge =
| weak_hypercharge =
| chirality =
| B-L =
| X_charge =
| parity =
| g_parity =
| c_parity =
| r_parity =
| condensed_symmetries =
}}


In [[particle physics]], the '''neutralino'''<ref name="Definition">{{harvnb|Martin|pp=71–74}}</ref> is a hypothetical particle predicted by [[supersymmetry]]. There are four neutralinos that are [[fermion]]s and are electrically neutral, the lightest of which is typically stable.  They are typically labeled {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 1}} (the lightest), {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 2}}, {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 3}} and {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 4}} (the heaviest) although sometimes <math> \tilde{\chi}_1^0, \ldots, \tilde{\chi}_4^0</math> is also used when <math> \tilde{\chi}_i^\pm</math> is used to refer to [[chargino]]s.  These four states are mixtures of the [[Gaugino|bino]] and the neutral [[Wino (particle)|wino]] (which are the neutral electroweak [[gaugino]]s), and the neutral [[higgsinos]].  As the neutralinos are [[Majorana fermion]]s, each of them is identical with its [[antiparticle]].  Because these particles only interact with the weak vector bosons, they are not directly produced at [[hadron collider]]s in copious numbers. They primarily appear as particles in cascade decays of heavier particles (decays that happen in multiple steps) usually originating from [[Quantum chromodynamics|colored]] supersymmetric particles such as [[squark]]s or [[gluino]]s.


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In [[R-parity]] conserving models, the lightest neutralino is stable and all supersymmetric cascade-decays end up decaying into this particle which leaves the detector unseen and its existence can only be inferred by looking for unbalanced momentum in a detector.
 
The heavier neutralinos typically decay through a neutral [[Z boson]] to a lighter neutralino or through a charged [[W boson]] to a light chargino:<ref>{{cite journal
|author= J.-F. Grivaz and the Particle Data Group
|authorlink=Particle Data Group
|journal=Journal of Physics G
|volume=37
|issue=7
|year=2010
|pages= 1309–1319
|title=Supersymmetry, Part II (Experiment)
|url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2010/reviews/rpp2010-rev-susy-2-experiment.pdf}}</ref>
{|
| {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 2}}
| &rarr;
| {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 1}}
| +
| {{SubatomicParticle|Z boson0}}
| colspan=6|
| &rarr;
| Missing energy
| +
|{{SubatomicParticle|Lepton+|link=yes}}
| +
| {{SubatomicParticle|Lepton-|link=yes}}
|---
| {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 2}}
| &rarr;
| {{SubatomicParticle|Chargino 1+-}}
| +
| {{SubatomicParticle|W boson-+}}
| &rarr;
| {{SubatomicParticle|Neutralino 1}}
| +
| {{SubatomicParticle|W boson+-}}
| +
| {{SubatomicParticle|W boson-+}}
| &rarr;
| Missing energy
| +
| {{SubatomicParticle|Lepton+}}
| +
| {{SubatomicParticle|Lepton-}}
|}
 
The mass splittings between the different neutralinos will dictate which patterns of decays are allowed.
 
==Origins in supersymmetric theories==
In supersymmetry models, all [[Standard Model]] particles have partner particles with the same [[quantum number]]s except for the quantum number [[Spin (physics)|spin]], which differs by 1/2 from its partner particle.  Since the superpartners of the [[Z boson]] ([[zino]]), the [[photon]] ([[photino]]) and the [[higgs boson|neutral higgs]] ([[higgsino]]) have the same quantum numbers, they can [[quantum superposition|mix]] to form four [[eigenstate]]s of the mass operator called "neutralinos". In many models the lightest of the four neutralinos turns out to be the [[lightest supersymmetric particle]] (LSP), though other particles may also take on this role.
 
==Phenomenology==
The exact properties of each neutralino will depend on the details of the mixing<ref name="Definition"/> (e.g. whether they are more higgsino-like or gaugino-like), but they tend to have masses at the weak scale (100 GeV – 1 TeV) and couple to other particles with strengths characteristic of the [[weak nuclear force|weak interaction]]. In this way they are phenomenologically similar to [[neutrinos]], and so are not directly observable in particle detectors at accelerators.
 
In models in which [[R-parity]] is conserved and the lightest of the four neutralinos is the LSP, the lightest neutralino is stable and is eventually produced in the decay chain of all other superpartners.<ref>{{harvnb|Martin|p=83}}</ref> In such cases supersymmetric processes at accelerators are characterized by a large discrepancy in energy and momentum between the visible initial and final state particles, with this energy being carried off by a neutralino which departs the detector unnoticed.<ref name="Feng">{{cite journal
  | doi = 10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101659
  | last = Feng
  | first = Jonathan L
  | journal = Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
  | volume = 48
  | year = 2010
  | pages = 495–545
  | chapter = III.E
  | arxiv= 1003.0904
  | title = Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection|bibcode = 2010ARA&A..48..495F }}</ref><ref>{{cite arXiv
  | last1= Ellis
  | first1= John
  | authorlink1 = John Ellis (physicist)
  | last2= Olive
  | first2= Keith A.
  | eprint=1001.3651
  | class=astro-ph
  | title=Supersymmetric Dark Matter Candidates
  | year=2010}} Also published as Chapter 8 in {{harvnb|Bertone}}</ref>
This is an important signature to discriminate supersymmetry from Standard Model backgrounds.
 
==Relationship to dark matter==
As a heavy, stable particle, the lightest neutralino is an excellent candidate to comprise the universe's [[cold dark matter]].<ref>{{cite journal
|author=M. Drees, G. Gerbier, and the Particle Data Group
|authorlink=Particle Data Group
|journal=Journal of Physics G
|volume=37
|issue=7A
|year=2010
|pages= 255–260
|title=Dark Matter
|url=http://pdg.lbl.gov/2010/reviews/rpp2010-rev-dark-matter.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Martin|p=99}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Bertone|p=8}}</ref> In many models the lightest neutralino can be produced thermally in the [[Big Bang|hot early universe]] and leave approximately the right relic abundance to account for the observed [[dark matter]]. A lightest neutralino of roughly 10–10000 [[electronvolt|GeV]] is the leading weakly interacting massive particle ([[weakly interacting massive particles|WIMP]]) dark matter candidate {{Citation needed|date=July 2011}}.
 
Neutralino dark matter could be observed experimentally in nature either indirectly or directly.  In the former case, gamma ray and neutrino telescopes look for evidence of neutralino annihilation in regions of high dark matter density such as the galactic or solar centre.<ref name="Feng"/> In the latter case, special purpose experiments such as the [[Cryogenic Dark Matter Search]] (CDMS) seek to detect the rare impacts of WIMPs in terrestrial detectors. These experiments have begun to probe interesting supersymmetric parameter space, excluding some models for neutralino dark matter, and upgraded experiments with greater sensitivity are under development.
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==References==
*{{cite arXiv
  | ref = {{harvid| Martin}}
  | last= Martin
  | first= Stephen P.
  | eprint=hep-ph/9709356
  | title=A Supersymmetry Primer
  | year=2008
  | version=v5
  | class = hep-ph}} Also published as Chapter 1 in {{cite book
  | title = Perspectives on Supersymmetry II
  | year = 2010
  | editor-last = Kane
  | editor-first = Gordon L
  | publisher = World Scientific
  | pages = 604
  | isbn = 978-981-4307-48-2}}
*{{cite book
  | ref = {{harvid| Bertone}}
  | editor-last = Bertone
  | editor-first = Gianfranco
  | title = [[Particle Dark Matter|Particle Dark Matter: Observations, Models and Searches]]
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | year = 2010
  | pages = 762
  | isbn = 978-0-521-76368-4}}
 
==See also==
* [[Lightest Supersymmetric Particle]]
* [[Real neutral particle]]
 
{{Particles}}
{{Dark matter}}
[[Category:Dark matter]]
[[Category:Fermions]]
[[Category:Supersymmetry]]
[[Category:Hypothetical elementary particles]]

Revision as of 14:15, 12 March 2013

Template:Infobox particle

In particle physics, the neutralino[1] is a hypothetical particle predicted by supersymmetry. There are four neutralinos that are fermions and are electrically neutral, the lightest of which is typically stable. They are typically labeled Template:SubatomicParticle (the lightest), Template:SubatomicParticle, Template:SubatomicParticle and Template:SubatomicParticle (the heaviest) although sometimes is also used when is used to refer to charginos. These four states are mixtures of the bino and the neutral wino (which are the neutral electroweak gauginos), and the neutral higgsinos. As the neutralinos are Majorana fermions, each of them is identical with its antiparticle. Because these particles only interact with the weak vector bosons, they are not directly produced at hadron colliders in copious numbers. They primarily appear as particles in cascade decays of heavier particles (decays that happen in multiple steps) usually originating from colored supersymmetric particles such as squarks or gluinos.

In R-parity conserving models, the lightest neutralino is stable and all supersymmetric cascade-decays end up decaying into this particle which leaves the detector unseen and its existence can only be inferred by looking for unbalanced momentum in a detector.

The heavier neutralinos typically decay through a neutral Z boson to a lighter neutralino or through a charged W boson to a light chargino:[2]

Template:SubatomicParticle Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle Missing energy + Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle
Template:SubatomicParticle Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle Missing energy + Template:SubatomicParticle + Template:SubatomicParticle

The mass splittings between the different neutralinos will dictate which patterns of decays are allowed.

Origins in supersymmetric theories

In supersymmetry models, all Standard Model particles have partner particles with the same quantum numbers except for the quantum number spin, which differs by 1/2 from its partner particle. Since the superpartners of the Z boson (zino), the photon (photino) and the neutral higgs (higgsino) have the same quantum numbers, they can mix to form four eigenstates of the mass operator called "neutralinos". In many models the lightest of the four neutralinos turns out to be the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), though other particles may also take on this role.

Phenomenology

The exact properties of each neutralino will depend on the details of the mixing[1] (e.g. whether they are more higgsino-like or gaugino-like), but they tend to have masses at the weak scale (100 GeV – 1 TeV) and couple to other particles with strengths characteristic of the weak interaction. In this way they are phenomenologically similar to neutrinos, and so are not directly observable in particle detectors at accelerators.

In models in which R-parity is conserved and the lightest of the four neutralinos is the LSP, the lightest neutralino is stable and is eventually produced in the decay chain of all other superpartners.[3] In such cases supersymmetric processes at accelerators are characterized by a large discrepancy in energy and momentum between the visible initial and final state particles, with this energy being carried off by a neutralino which departs the detector unnoticed.[4][5] This is an important signature to discriminate supersymmetry from Standard Model backgrounds.

Relationship to dark matter

As a heavy, stable particle, the lightest neutralino is an excellent candidate to comprise the universe's cold dark matter.[6][7][8] In many models the lightest neutralino can be produced thermally in the hot early universe and leave approximately the right relic abundance to account for the observed dark matter. A lightest neutralino of roughly 10–10000 GeV is the leading weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter candidate Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park..

Neutralino dark matter could be observed experimentally in nature either indirectly or directly. In the former case, gamma ray and neutrino telescopes look for evidence of neutralino annihilation in regions of high dark matter density such as the galactic or solar centre.[4] In the latter case, special purpose experiments such as the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) seek to detect the rare impacts of WIMPs in terrestrial detectors. These experiments have begun to probe interesting supersymmetric parameter space, excluding some models for neutralino dark matter, and upgraded experiments with greater sensitivity are under development.

Notes

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

References

See also

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  1. 1.0 1.1 Template:Harvnb
  2. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

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    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  3. Template:Harvnb
  4. 4.0 4.1 One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  5. Template:Cite arXiv Also published as Chapter 8 in Template:Harvnb
  6. One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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