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{{About}}
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{{ref improve|date=May 2013}}
{{tooshort|date=September 2012}}
[[File:Secant ogive.svg|thumb|A secant ogive of sharpness <math>E = 120/100= 1.2</math>]]
[[File:Externaltank.jpg|thumb|The ogive shape of the [[Space Shuttle External Tank]]]]
An '''ogive''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|oʊ|dʒ|aɪ|v}} {{Respell|OH|jyv}}) is the roundly tapered end of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional object.


==Applied physical science and engineering==
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In [[ballistics]] or [[aerodynamics]], an ogive is a pointed, curved surface mainly used to form the approximately streamlined nose of a bullet or other projectile.
 
The traditional or [[secant ogive]] is a [[surface of revolution]] of the same curve that forms a [[Gothic architecture|Gothic arch]]; that is, a [[Arc (geometry)|circular arc]], of greater [[radius]] than the diameter of the [[cylinder (geometry)|cylindrical]] section ("shank"), is drawn from the edge of the shank until it intercepts the axis.
 
If this arc is drawn so that it meets the shank at zero angle (that is, the distance of the centre of the arc from the axis, plus the radius of the shank, equals the radius of the arc), then it is called a [[tangent]]ial or [[Spitzer (bullet)|spitzer]] ogive. This is a very common ogive for high velocity ([[supersonic]]) [[rifle]] bullets.
 
The sharpness of this ogive is expressed by the ratio of its radius to the diameter of the cylinder; a value of one half being a [[Sphere|hemispherical]] dome, and larger values being progressively more pointed. Values of 4 to 10 are commonly used in rifles, with 6 being the most common.
 
Another common ogive for bullets is the [[ellipse|elliptical]] ogive. This is a curve very similar to the spitzer ogive, except that the circular arc is replaced by an ellipse defined in such a way that it meets the axis at exactly 90°. This gives a somewhat rounded nose regardless of the sharpness ratio. An elliptical ogive is normally described in terms of the ratio of the length of the ogive to the diameter of the shank. A ratio of one half would be, once again, a hemisphere. Values close to 1 are common in practice. Elliptical ogives are mainly used in [[Handgun|pistol]] bullets.
 
Missiles and aircraft generally have much more complex ogives, such as the [[Nose cone design#Haack series|von Kármán ogive]].
 
==Architecture==
[[File:Bonne-Esperance Salle capitulaire.JPG|thumb|Ogival curves in the ribs of Gothic [[Vault (architecture)|vaulting]]]]
{{main|Gothic architecture}}
{{Commons category|Gothic arches}}
One of the defining characteristics of [[Gothic architecture]] is the pointed or ogival arch. Arches of this type were used in the [[Near East]] in pre-Islamic<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Warren
| first = John
| year = 1991
| title = Creswell's Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches in Early Muslim Architecture
| periodical = Muqarnas
| volume = 8
| pages = 59–65
}}</ref> as well as [[Islamic architecture]] before they were employed structurally in medieval architecture, and are thought to have been the inspiration for their use in France, as at [[Autun Cathedral]], which is otherwise stylistically Romanesque.<ref name=BF>Banister Fletcher, ''A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method''.</ref>
 
In Gothic architecture, ogives are the intersecting transverse ribs of arches that establish the surface of a Gothic [[Vault (architecture)|vault]]. An ogive or ogival arch is a pointed, "Gothic" [[arch]], drawn with compasses as outlined above, or with arcs of an ellipse as described. A very narrow, steeply pointed ogive arch is sometimes called a "lancet arch". The most common form is an equilateral arch, where the radius is the same as the width. In the later [[Flamboyant Gothic]] style, an "ogee arch", an arch with a pointed head, like S-shaped curves, became prevalent.
 
==Woodworking==
[[Image:9x19mm Parabellum.svg|thumb|right|Ogive on a [[9x19mm Parabellum|9mm cartridge]].]]
In [[woodworking]], an ogive is a type of curve a piece of wood can be shaped in. See also: [[ogee]]
 
==Etymology==
{{wiktionary}}
[[Villard de Honnecourt]], a 13th-century itinerant master-builder from the [[Picardy]] in the north of France, was the first writer to use the word ''ogive.'' The ''[[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]]'' considers the French term's origin obscure; it might come from the [[Late Latin]] ''obviata'', the feminine [[Latin conjugation#The participles|perfect passive participle]] of ''obviare'', to resist, i.e. the arches resisting the downward force of the structure's mass.
 
==Statistics==<!-- That section is linked from [[Cumulative distribution function]] -->
In [[statistics]], an ogive is a graph showing the curve of a [[cumulative distribution function]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Everitt|first=B.S.|title=The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2002|edition=2nd|isbn=0-521-81099-X}}</ref> (which, for the [[normal distribution]], resembles one side of an [[Arabesque (European art)|Arabesque]] or ogival arch). It can also be used to refer to the empirical [[cumulative distribution function]].
 
==Geology==
{{Main|Ogive (glacier)}}
 
In [[glaciology]], ogives are three dimensional wave-bulges characteristic of glaciers that have experienced extreme underlying topographical change, observed as an [[Icefall|ice fall]]. [[Forbes bands]] are light and dark bands that appear down glacier ogives, resulting from different ice densities due to the seasons.
 
==See also==
{{Commons}}
* [[Lancet window]]
* [[Ogee]]
* [[Nose cone design]]
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
{{Woodworking|state=collapsed}}
 
[[Category:Curves]]
[[Category:Arches and vaults]]
[[Category:Woodworking]]
[[Category:Glaciology]]
[[Category:Statistical terminology]]

Latest revision as of 04:41, 11 August 2014

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